Otn Tributary Slot
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Tributary Slot Otn. Karamba Casino Review 8. Total Bonus November 14, 2018. 7 + 30 exclusive spins Bonus doesn’t work Lapalingo. Prize pool: 100% deposit bonus up to £100. January 7, 2018. The Optical Transport Network (OTN) Tributary Module 500G, referred to as OTM-500, provides up to. 500Gbps bidirectional bandwidth to the XTC backplane using pluggable TIMs. The OTM-500 contains ten. TIM sub-slots each of which provide support for various tributary interfaces such as SONET, SDH, ODU, OTU, and/or Ethernet.
*Otn Tributary Slot Definition
DWDM networks are not initially digital networks because they provide users with only a few spectral channels, which are only data transmission medium. Also originally DWDM multiplexers perform SDH multiplexer functionality, in consequence of which inherited a number of shortcomings that became apparent with increasing data rates. Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Disadvantages DWDM systems inherited from SDH systems:
* Insufficient effectiveness of FEC codes, taken as SDH standard. This prevents further increase the spectral density of channels in DWDM multiplexers.
* Too ’small’ switching units for backbone networks operating at speeds of 10 and 40 Gb / s. Even the maximum size of the containers VC-4 (140 Mbit / s) are large enough for the unit of STM-multiplexer 256, which must commute up to 256 containers for each of its ports.
* Not taken into account peculiarities of different types of traffic. SDH technology developers took into account only the voice traffic.
To overcome these drawbacks, a new technology aimed optical transport networks (Optical Transport Network, OTN) Hierarchy speeds
Currently three standardized OTN rate, are selected so as to transparently transmit frames STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256, along with service headings. Hierarchy OTN speeds The protocol stack OTN
The protocol stack includes four layers:
* Protocol OPU (Optical Channel Payload Unit - Custom Unit Optical Channel Data);
* Protocol ODU (Optical Channel Data Unit - Optical Channel Data Unit);
* Protocol OTU (Optical Channel Transport Unit - transport block optical channel;
* Optical Channel (Optical Channel, Och). The protocol stack OTN
Optical Channel, Och - This spectrum DWDM channel.
OPU (Optical Channel Payload Unit ) - Responsible for the delivery of data between network users. Engaged encapsulated user data, such as Ethernet or SDH frames, in units OPU, alignment transmission rates of user data blocks and OPU, and on the receiving side extracts user data and transmits them to the user.
ODU (Optical Channel Data Unit) - Just as the OPU protocol operates between the end OTN network nodes. Its functions include multiplexing and demultiplexing unit OPU.
OTU (Optical Channel Transport Unit) - It works between two adjacent nodes OTN network that supports electrical regeneration of the optical signal function, also called function 3R (retiming, reshaping and regeneration). Кадр OTN Leveling of speed
As with other technologies based on the synchronous multiplex the TDM, OTN technology to solve the problem of equalizing rates of user streams to the multiplexer data rate. Alignment mechanism OTN speeds is some hybrid of the mechanism of bit-stuffing PDH technology and mechanism of the positive and negative justification on the basis of indicators used in SDH technology.
The Working of OTN alignment mechanism depends on the load display mode - Synchronous or Asynchronous mode.
Synchronous load mode - OTN multiplexer synchronizes reception and transmission of synchronization pulses which are in the received user data stream.
Asynchronous load mode - OTN multiplexer is synchronized by its own clock source which is independent from the user data.
To equalize the velocities in the OTN frame, two bytes are used:
* Positive Justification Opportunity, PJO;
* Negative Justification Opportunity, NJO. Multiplexing units
ODU multiplexing user data field OPUk is divided block units on the so-called tributary slots (Tributary Slot, TS), which are placed in the data block OPUk-1. OTN multiplexing units Error correction
In the procedure OTN forward error correction (FEC), which uses RS Reed-Solomon code (255,239). This self-correcting code data is encoded in blocks of 255 bytes, 239 bytes of which are user-defined, and 16 bytes are correction code. Reed-Solomon codes allow to correct up to 8 erroneous bytes in a block of 255 bytes, which is a very good performance for the self-correcting code. The use of Reed-Solomon code allows to improve the signal-to-noise power by 5 dB. This effect makes it possible to increase the distance between regenerators network by 20 km or use a less powerful signal transmitters.
The present disclosure relates generally to optical communication systems and methods. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a in-band communication channel in optical networks that may be used for Software Defined Networking (SDN) applications or the like.
Conventionally, optical networks rely on in-band communication channels for a variety of Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM & P) functions as well as for control plane signaling and the like. Exemplary in-band communication channels include the Data Communication Channel (DCC) in Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and the General Communication Channel (GCC) in Optical Transport Network (OTN). In contrast to SONET/SDH where the DCC has a constant data rate on the order of 1 Mb/s, the GCC data rate depends on the OTN line rate, i.e., Optical channel Data Unit (ODU) data rate. For example, GCC data rate in the case of an Optical channel Data Unit-1 (ODU1) is ˜333 kb/s, for Optical channel Data Unit-2 (ODU2), its data rate is ˜1.3 Mb/s, for Optical channel Data Unit-4 (ODU4), its data rate is ˜13 Mb/s, and the like. In the past with SONET/SDH, the in-band communication channels were first used solely for OAM & P data between nodes and network management. Here, the low data rate of SONET/SDH DCC sufficed. With OTN, the in-band communication channels evolved to also carry control plane signaling in addition to OAM & P data. Here, the higher GCC data rate in OTN allowed the addition of control plane signaling with the OAM & P data.
Additional applications are evolving, such as SDN, which will require additional bandwidth on the in-band communication channels. Specifically, SDN is a centralized control architecture which requires the gathering and backhaul of data from the nodes to a centralized location/server, i.e., “hubbed” traffic flow patterns. It is also expected that SDN will provide a rich suite of flexible applications, such as in combination with Network Functions Virtualization (NFV). The conventional GCC data rate in OTN will have difficulty in handling the hubbed nature of SDN and the evolving bandwidth requirements, in addition to control plane signaling, OAM & P data communication, etc.
Thus, there is a need for a higher rate in-band communication channel. Unattractive options include: 1) the OTN frame could be modified to allow for a higher rate OTN/GCC communication channel, but this is difficult due to standardization; 2) the line frame format (proprietary to each system vendor) could be designed to include a communications channel time slot meaning a higher required line rate, with the requisite required extra link margin; or 3) a dedicated SDN communication channel could be allocated in the client payload, but would consume valuable client/customer transport bandwidth, and such an approach has generally been commercially unacceptable at the transport layer.
Thus, there is a need for a high-capacity in-band communication channel in optical networks.
In an exemplary embodiment, a method, in a first node in an optical network, for providing an in-band communication channel to a second node in the optical network includes adapting one or more client signals into a line signal for transmission to the second node; and utilizing line adaptation bandwidth of the line signal for the in-band communication channel. The method can further include increasing or decreasing a rate of the line signal to trade off link margin for extra capacity in the in-band communication channel, wherein the increasing or decreasing does not affect a rate of the one or more client signals. The in-band communication channel can be operationally independent from the one or more client signals while concurrently being transported together over the line signal. The adapting can allow a rate of the line signal to be independent of rates of the one or more client signals. The method can further include utilizing the in-band communication channel to communicate data to a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller or through Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) applications. The one or more client signals can be any of Optical channel Transport Unit k (k=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, flex) or OTUk/Cn where C=100×n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) and the line signal can be a proprietary Single Vendor Intra-Domain Interface (SV-IaDI) signal. The one or more client signals each can include in-band communication channels through Optical Transport Network (OTN) General Communication Channel (GCC) overhead that is operated concurrently with the in-band communication channel. The in-band communication channels from the one or more client signals can be used for control plane signaling. The in-band communication channel can be at least an order of magnitude greater in capacity than each of the in-band communication channels of the one or more client signals.
In another exemplary embodiment, an optical modem configured to provide a in-band communication channel includes circuitry configured to adapt one or more client signals into a line signal for transmission to another modem; and circuitry configured to utilize line adaptation bandwidth of the line signal for the in-band communication channel. The optical modem can be configured to one of increase a rate of the line signal to trade off link margin for extra capacity in the in-band communication channel or decrease the rate when the in-band communication channel requires less capacity, wherein the increased rate of the line signal does not affect a rate of the one or more client signals. The in-band communication channel can be operationally independent from the one or more client signals while concurrently being transported together over the line signal. The one or more client signals can be adapted to the line signal allowing a rate of the line signal to be independent of rates of the one or more client signals. The optical modem can be configured to utilize the in-band communication channel to communicate data to a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller. The one or more client signals can be any of Optical channel Transport Unit k (k=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, flex) or OTUk/Cn where C=100×n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) and the line signal can be a proprietary Single Vendor Intra-Domain Interface (SV-IaDI) signal. The one or more client signals each can include in-band communication channels through Optical Transport Network (OTN) General Communication Channel (GCC) overhead that is operated concurrently with the in-band communication channel. The in-band communication channels from the one or more client signals can be used for control plane signaling. The in-band communication channel can be at least an order of magnitude greater in capacity than each of the in-band communication channels of the one or more client signals.
In a further exemplary embodiment, a node configured to provide an in-band communication channel in an optical network includes one or more optical modems each including circuitry configured to adapt one or more client signals into a line signal for transmission to another modem, and circuitry configured to utilize line adaptation bandwidth of the line signal for the in-band communication channel; and a controller communicatively coupled to the one or more optical modems, wherein the controller is configured to enable communications between the in-band communication channels. The controller can be configured to communicate with a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller through the in-band communication channels.
The present disclosure is illustrated and described herein with reference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers are used to denote like system components/method steps, as appropriate, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a network diagram of an exemplary network with three nodes for describing an in-band communication channel;
FIG. 2 is an atomic function diagram of a line adaptation process, which may be implemented in the modems in the network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a logical diagram of a line adaptation process, which may be implemented in the modems in the network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for providing an in-band communication channel;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary node for use with the systems and methods described herein;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a controller from the node of FIG. 5, to provide control plane processing, SDN communication, OAM & P, and data connectivity between in-band communication channels; and
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrates a process for Optical Transport Network (OTN) line adaptation to provide sub-rate granularity and distribution.
In various exemplary embodiments, an in-band communication channel, with higher capacity than existing in-band communication channels, is formed between two optical modems using line adaptation bandwidth. The line adaptation bandwidth is the difference between client bandwidth and line bandwidth. The client bandwidth can be rates based on Optical channel Transport Unit-k (OTUk) where k=2, 3, or 4; Optical channel Transport Unit Cn where C means 100 and n is a multiplier of 100, e.g. OTUC2 is ˜200 Gb/s, OTUC4 is ˜400 Gb/s, etc.; or the like. The line bandwidth can be based on a rate associated with a modem for a proprietary line side (Single Vendor Intra-Domain Interface (SV-IaDI)) and can vary based on baud-rate, modulation format, Soft-Decision Forward Error Correction (SD-FEC), and the like. The line rate adaptation bandwidth previously was idle or null data. Note, as described herein, the line adaptation bandwidth can be described as the difference between the actual client data rate (which is typically fixed at Layer 1 (Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) layer) and the physical operation rate of the associated optical modem carrying the client data (which can vary based on next-generation coherent modems which support flexible modulation and data rates as well as SD-FEC).
In various exemplary embodiments, this line adaptation bandwidth is configured to provide an in-band communication channel, in addition to providing a line rate adaptation function. Accordingly, the in-band communication channel is decoupled from the associated client signal, i.e., not carried in overhead of the associated client signal, but carried concurrently on a same optical signal as the associated client signal. Additionally, the in-band communication channel allows for a “re-sizable” data rate for the communications channel via re-sizing of the line rate, trading off link margin for extra rate/capacity if required, and is operationally independent from any line transport payload protocols (such as OTN, Ethernet, etc.). Operationally independent means the in-band communication channel described herein carries separate data from the client signals, is processed by different circuitry than the client signals, ultimately has a separate destination (for example, the communications channel is destined for the controller in a node whereas the client signals are destined for client ports, a switch, or the like, etc. Note, while operationally independent, the communication channel is transmitted together with the client signals in the line signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the in-band communication channel described herein can support data rates orders of magnitude higher than the current DCC or GCC data channels. Advantageously, the in-band communication channel described herein preserves the full payload capacity for customer/client traffic, is implemented independently from standards activities (i.e., no changes to the client signals), and no link margin is wasted.
Referring to FIG. 1, in an exemplary embodiment, a network diagram illustrates an exemplary network 10 with three nodes 12a, 12b, 12c. The nodes 12a, 12b, 12c are network elements that provide connectivity at one or more of Layers 0, 1, 2, and/or 3. For illustration purposes, the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c are shown with optical modems 14 forming connectivity, namely modems 14a, 14b connect the nodes 12a, 12c and modems 14c, 14d connect the nodes 12a, 12b. The network 10 is illustrated, for example, as an interconnected linear/mesh network, and those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the network 100 can include other architectures, with additional nodes or with less nodes, with additional network elements and hardware, etc. The network 10 is presented herein as an exemplary embodiment of a network for describing the in-band communication channel.
The nodes 12a, 12b, 12c communicate with one another optically over links 16a, 16b formed by the modems 14. The network 10 can include a control plane 18 operating on and/or between the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c. The control plane 18 includes software, processes, algorithms, etc. that control configurable features of the network 10, such as automating discovery of the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c and other nodes; management of capacity of the links 16a, 16b; port availability on the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c; connectivity between ports; dissemination of topology and bandwidth information between the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c; calculation and creation of paths for connections; network level protection and restoration; and the like. Note, as described herein, the modems 14 can each be considered a port from a control plane perspective, i.e., a port is a logical point associated with a connection in the control plane 18 and the modem 14 is a physical hardware device forming the connection. In an exemplary embodiment, the control plane 18 can be Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON), Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS), Optical Signal and Routing Protocol (OSRP) (from Ciena Corporation), or the like. Of course, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the network 10 and the control plane 18 can utilize any type control plane for controlling the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c and establishing connections therebetween.
The network 10 can also include a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller 20. SDN allows management of network services through centralization and abstraction of lower level functionality. This is done by decoupling the system that makes deci
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Tributary Slot Otn. Karamba Casino Review 8. Total Bonus November 14, 2018. 7 + 30 exclusive spins Bonus doesn’t work Lapalingo. Prize pool: 100% deposit bonus up to £100. January 7, 2018. The Optical Transport Network (OTN) Tributary Module 500G, referred to as OTM-500, provides up to. 500Gbps bidirectional bandwidth to the XTC backplane using pluggable TIMs. The OTM-500 contains ten. TIM sub-slots each of which provide support for various tributary interfaces such as SONET, SDH, ODU, OTU, and/or Ethernet.
*Otn Tributary Slot Definition
DWDM networks are not initially digital networks because they provide users with only a few spectral channels, which are only data transmission medium. Also originally DWDM multiplexers perform SDH multiplexer functionality, in consequence of which inherited a number of shortcomings that became apparent with increasing data rates. Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Disadvantages DWDM systems inherited from SDH systems:
* Insufficient effectiveness of FEC codes, taken as SDH standard. This prevents further increase the spectral density of channels in DWDM multiplexers.
* Too ’small’ switching units for backbone networks operating at speeds of 10 and 40 Gb / s. Even the maximum size of the containers VC-4 (140 Mbit / s) are large enough for the unit of STM-multiplexer 256, which must commute up to 256 containers for each of its ports.
* Not taken into account peculiarities of different types of traffic. SDH technology developers took into account only the voice traffic.
To overcome these drawbacks, a new technology aimed optical transport networks (Optical Transport Network, OTN) Hierarchy speeds
Currently three standardized OTN rate, are selected so as to transparently transmit frames STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256, along with service headings. Hierarchy OTN speeds The protocol stack OTN
The protocol stack includes four layers:
* Protocol OPU (Optical Channel Payload Unit - Custom Unit Optical Channel Data);
* Protocol ODU (Optical Channel Data Unit - Optical Channel Data Unit);
* Protocol OTU (Optical Channel Transport Unit - transport block optical channel;
* Optical Channel (Optical Channel, Och). The protocol stack OTN
Optical Channel, Och - This spectrum DWDM channel.
OPU (Optical Channel Payload Unit ) - Responsible for the delivery of data between network users. Engaged encapsulated user data, such as Ethernet or SDH frames, in units OPU, alignment transmission rates of user data blocks and OPU, and on the receiving side extracts user data and transmits them to the user.
ODU (Optical Channel Data Unit) - Just as the OPU protocol operates between the end OTN network nodes. Its functions include multiplexing and demultiplexing unit OPU.
OTU (Optical Channel Transport Unit) - It works between two adjacent nodes OTN network that supports electrical regeneration of the optical signal function, also called function 3R (retiming, reshaping and regeneration). Кадр OTN Leveling of speed
As with other technologies based on the synchronous multiplex the TDM, OTN technology to solve the problem of equalizing rates of user streams to the multiplexer data rate. Alignment mechanism OTN speeds is some hybrid of the mechanism of bit-stuffing PDH technology and mechanism of the positive and negative justification on the basis of indicators used in SDH technology.
The Working of OTN alignment mechanism depends on the load display mode - Synchronous or Asynchronous mode.
Synchronous load mode - OTN multiplexer synchronizes reception and transmission of synchronization pulses which are in the received user data stream.
Asynchronous load mode - OTN multiplexer is synchronized by its own clock source which is independent from the user data.
To equalize the velocities in the OTN frame, two bytes are used:
* Positive Justification Opportunity, PJO;
* Negative Justification Opportunity, NJO. Multiplexing units
ODU multiplexing user data field OPUk is divided block units on the so-called tributary slots (Tributary Slot, TS), which are placed in the data block OPUk-1. OTN multiplexing units Error correction
In the procedure OTN forward error correction (FEC), which uses RS Reed-Solomon code (255,239). This self-correcting code data is encoded in blocks of 255 bytes, 239 bytes of which are user-defined, and 16 bytes are correction code. Reed-Solomon codes allow to correct up to 8 erroneous bytes in a block of 255 bytes, which is a very good performance for the self-correcting code. The use of Reed-Solomon code allows to improve the signal-to-noise power by 5 dB. This effect makes it possible to increase the distance between regenerators network by 20 km or use a less powerful signal transmitters.
The present disclosure relates generally to optical communication systems and methods. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a in-band communication channel in optical networks that may be used for Software Defined Networking (SDN) applications or the like.
Conventionally, optical networks rely on in-band communication channels for a variety of Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM & P) functions as well as for control plane signaling and the like. Exemplary in-band communication channels include the Data Communication Channel (DCC) in Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and the General Communication Channel (GCC) in Optical Transport Network (OTN). In contrast to SONET/SDH where the DCC has a constant data rate on the order of 1 Mb/s, the GCC data rate depends on the OTN line rate, i.e., Optical channel Data Unit (ODU) data rate. For example, GCC data rate in the case of an Optical channel Data Unit-1 (ODU1) is ˜333 kb/s, for Optical channel Data Unit-2 (ODU2), its data rate is ˜1.3 Mb/s, for Optical channel Data Unit-4 (ODU4), its data rate is ˜13 Mb/s, and the like. In the past with SONET/SDH, the in-band communication channels were first used solely for OAM & P data between nodes and network management. Here, the low data rate of SONET/SDH DCC sufficed. With OTN, the in-band communication channels evolved to also carry control plane signaling in addition to OAM & P data. Here, the higher GCC data rate in OTN allowed the addition of control plane signaling with the OAM & P data.
Additional applications are evolving, such as SDN, which will require additional bandwidth on the in-band communication channels. Specifically, SDN is a centralized control architecture which requires the gathering and backhaul of data from the nodes to a centralized location/server, i.e., “hubbed” traffic flow patterns. It is also expected that SDN will provide a rich suite of flexible applications, such as in combination with Network Functions Virtualization (NFV). The conventional GCC data rate in OTN will have difficulty in handling the hubbed nature of SDN and the evolving bandwidth requirements, in addition to control plane signaling, OAM & P data communication, etc.
Thus, there is a need for a higher rate in-band communication channel. Unattractive options include: 1) the OTN frame could be modified to allow for a higher rate OTN/GCC communication channel, but this is difficult due to standardization; 2) the line frame format (proprietary to each system vendor) could be designed to include a communications channel time slot meaning a higher required line rate, with the requisite required extra link margin; or 3) a dedicated SDN communication channel could be allocated in the client payload, but would consume valuable client/customer transport bandwidth, and such an approach has generally been commercially unacceptable at the transport layer.
Thus, there is a need for a high-capacity in-band communication channel in optical networks.
In an exemplary embodiment, a method, in a first node in an optical network, for providing an in-band communication channel to a second node in the optical network includes adapting one or more client signals into a line signal for transmission to the second node; and utilizing line adaptation bandwidth of the line signal for the in-band communication channel. The method can further include increasing or decreasing a rate of the line signal to trade off link margin for extra capacity in the in-band communication channel, wherein the increasing or decreasing does not affect a rate of the one or more client signals. The in-band communication channel can be operationally independent from the one or more client signals while concurrently being transported together over the line signal. The adapting can allow a rate of the line signal to be independent of rates of the one or more client signals. The method can further include utilizing the in-band communication channel to communicate data to a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller or through Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) applications. The one or more client signals can be any of Optical channel Transport Unit k (k=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, flex) or OTUk/Cn where C=100×n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) and the line signal can be a proprietary Single Vendor Intra-Domain Interface (SV-IaDI) signal. The one or more client signals each can include in-band communication channels through Optical Transport Network (OTN) General Communication Channel (GCC) overhead that is operated concurrently with the in-band communication channel. The in-band communication channels from the one or more client signals can be used for control plane signaling. The in-band communication channel can be at least an order of magnitude greater in capacity than each of the in-band communication channels of the one or more client signals.
In another exemplary embodiment, an optical modem configured to provide a in-band communication channel includes circuitry configured to adapt one or more client signals into a line signal for transmission to another modem; and circuitry configured to utilize line adaptation bandwidth of the line signal for the in-band communication channel. The optical modem can be configured to one of increase a rate of the line signal to trade off link margin for extra capacity in the in-band communication channel or decrease the rate when the in-band communication channel requires less capacity, wherein the increased rate of the line signal does not affect a rate of the one or more client signals. The in-band communication channel can be operationally independent from the one or more client signals while concurrently being transported together over the line signal. The one or more client signals can be adapted to the line signal allowing a rate of the line signal to be independent of rates of the one or more client signals. The optical modem can be configured to utilize the in-band communication channel to communicate data to a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller. The one or more client signals can be any of Optical channel Transport Unit k (k=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, flex) or OTUk/Cn where C=100×n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) and the line signal can be a proprietary Single Vendor Intra-Domain Interface (SV-IaDI) signal. The one or more client signals each can include in-band communication channels through Optical Transport Network (OTN) General Communication Channel (GCC) overhead that is operated concurrently with the in-band communication channel. The in-band communication channels from the one or more client signals can be used for control plane signaling. The in-band communication channel can be at least an order of magnitude greater in capacity than each of the in-band communication channels of the one or more client signals.
In a further exemplary embodiment, a node configured to provide an in-band communication channel in an optical network includes one or more optical modems each including circuitry configured to adapt one or more client signals into a line signal for transmission to another modem, and circuitry configured to utilize line adaptation bandwidth of the line signal for the in-band communication channel; and a controller communicatively coupled to the one or more optical modems, wherein the controller is configured to enable communications between the in-band communication channels. The controller can be configured to communicate with a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller through the in-band communication channels.
The present disclosure is illustrated and described herein with reference to the various drawings, in which like reference numbers are used to denote like system components/method steps, as appropriate, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a network diagram of an exemplary network with three nodes for describing an in-band communication channel;
FIG. 2 is an atomic function diagram of a line adaptation process, which may be implemented in the modems in the network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a logical diagram of a line adaptation process, which may be implemented in the modems in the network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for providing an in-band communication channel;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary node for use with the systems and methods described herein;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a controller from the node of FIG. 5, to provide control plane processing, SDN communication, OAM & P, and data connectivity between in-band communication channels; and
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrates a process for Optical Transport Network (OTN) line adaptation to provide sub-rate granularity and distribution.
In various exemplary embodiments, an in-band communication channel, with higher capacity than existing in-band communication channels, is formed between two optical modems using line adaptation bandwidth. The line adaptation bandwidth is the difference between client bandwidth and line bandwidth. The client bandwidth can be rates based on Optical channel Transport Unit-k (OTUk) where k=2, 3, or 4; Optical channel Transport Unit Cn where C means 100 and n is a multiplier of 100, e.g. OTUC2 is ˜200 Gb/s, OTUC4 is ˜400 Gb/s, etc.; or the like. The line bandwidth can be based on a rate associated with a modem for a proprietary line side (Single Vendor Intra-Domain Interface (SV-IaDI)) and can vary based on baud-rate, modulation format, Soft-Decision Forward Error Correction (SD-FEC), and the like. The line rate adaptation bandwidth previously was idle or null data. Note, as described herein, the line adaptation bandwidth can be described as the difference between the actual client data rate (which is typically fixed at Layer 1 (Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) layer) and the physical operation rate of the associated optical modem carrying the client data (which can vary based on next-generation coherent modems which support flexible modulation and data rates as well as SD-FEC).
In various exemplary embodiments, this line adaptation bandwidth is configured to provide an in-band communication channel, in addition to providing a line rate adaptation function. Accordingly, the in-band communication channel is decoupled from the associated client signal, i.e., not carried in overhead of the associated client signal, but carried concurrently on a same optical signal as the associated client signal. Additionally, the in-band communication channel allows for a “re-sizable” data rate for the communications channel via re-sizing of the line rate, trading off link margin for extra rate/capacity if required, and is operationally independent from any line transport payload protocols (such as OTN, Ethernet, etc.). Operationally independent means the in-band communication channel described herein carries separate data from the client signals, is processed by different circuitry than the client signals, ultimately has a separate destination (for example, the communications channel is destined for the controller in a node whereas the client signals are destined for client ports, a switch, or the like, etc. Note, while operationally independent, the communication channel is transmitted together with the client signals in the line signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the in-band communication channel described herein can support data rates orders of magnitude higher than the current DCC or GCC data channels. Advantageously, the in-band communication channel described herein preserves the full payload capacity for customer/client traffic, is implemented independently from standards activities (i.e., no changes to the client signals), and no link margin is wasted.
Referring to FIG. 1, in an exemplary embodiment, a network diagram illustrates an exemplary network 10 with three nodes 12a, 12b, 12c. The nodes 12a, 12b, 12c are network elements that provide connectivity at one or more of Layers 0, 1, 2, and/or 3. For illustration purposes, the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c are shown with optical modems 14 forming connectivity, namely modems 14a, 14b connect the nodes 12a, 12c and modems 14c, 14d connect the nodes 12a, 12b. The network 10 is illustrated, for example, as an interconnected linear/mesh network, and those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the network 100 can include other architectures, with additional nodes or with less nodes, with additional network elements and hardware, etc. The network 10 is presented herein as an exemplary embodiment of a network for describing the in-band communication channel.
The nodes 12a, 12b, 12c communicate with one another optically over links 16a, 16b formed by the modems 14. The network 10 can include a control plane 18 operating on and/or between the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c. The control plane 18 includes software, processes, algorithms, etc. that control configurable features of the network 10, such as automating discovery of the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c and other nodes; management of capacity of the links 16a, 16b; port availability on the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c; connectivity between ports; dissemination of topology and bandwidth information between the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c; calculation and creation of paths for connections; network level protection and restoration; and the like. Note, as described herein, the modems 14 can each be considered a port from a control plane perspective, i.e., a port is a logical point associated with a connection in the control plane 18 and the modem 14 is a physical hardware device forming the connection. In an exemplary embodiment, the control plane 18 can be Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON), Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS), Optical Signal and Routing Protocol (OSRP) (from Ciena Corporation), or the like. Of course, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the network 10 and the control plane 18 can utilize any type control plane for controlling the nodes 12a, 12b, 12c and establishing connections therebetween.
The network 10 can also include a Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller 20. SDN allows management of network services through centralization and abstraction of lower level functionality. This is done by decoupling the system that makes deci
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2021年11月26日Register here: http://gg.gg/x1s5l
For young Harry Potter fans, create a magical adventure with spell-bounding games such as Harry Potter Clue, Harry Potter Codename, and Harry Potter UNO. Explore Barnes & Noble to bring the enchanting experience home. Check out our blog post for tips on what age your child should start reading Harry Potter. Then comes the queuing, because it wouldn’t be a Harry Potter attraction without a line up (this is after all one of the world’s most famous film franchises). While waiting for your time slot, you might want to head over to the studio cafe or Starbucks for a snack, otherwise there’s plenty of merchandise in the store to keep you busy for. Check out our tips for visits to The Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Orlando; Read about how we were among the first people to visit the Harry Potter Studio Tour – we LOVED it! We have actually visited the Studio Tour six times now. We love it that much! Every time you go there is something new to see. Represent your Hogwarts house and celebrate the magic and enchantment of Harry Potter like never before! Prepare to master spells, outsmart challenges, and explore the wonders of the Wizarding World while becoming enchanted by the most marvelous matching puzzles ever found on your mobile device! Time Slots (SlotID) Period: Start Time: End Time: M: T: W: Th: F: Morning Period 1 (MP1) 8:00: 9:00: 1: 6: 11: 6: 13: Morning Period 2 (MP2) 9:15: 10:15: 1: 7: 11: 7: 13: Morning Period 3 (MP3) 10:30: 11:45: 2: 8: 8: 2: Lunch: 11:45: 1:00: Afternoon Period 1 (AP1) 1:00: 2:00: 3: 9: 3: 9: 14: Afternoon Period 2 (AP2) 2:15: 3:15: 4: 10: 4: 12: 14: Afternoon Period 3 (AP3) 3:30: 4:30: 5: 10: 5: 12.
Let me start by saying, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is downright magical. Whether it’s your first time visiting or your 100th, the experience of being dropped into the story of Harry Potter will give you chills (and quite a few thrills, for you roller coaster fanatics).
We don’t all get gifted Time-Turners from Professor McGonagall, though, so if you find yourself short on time and wanting to get the most out of your trip to The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, I’ve got some top tips to make sure you’re set for an incredible day. I’ll even come along with you because, let’s be honest, I could always use another day in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.WHERE TO BEGIN
Just like how the wand chooses the wizard, you must choose where your adventure begins. It’s important to know there are two unique wizarding world lands that offer completely different experiences at Universal Studios Florida and Universal’s Islands of Adventure. Diagon Alley
Nestled in the heart of ‘London’ within Universal Studios Florida, Diagon Alley is home to must-see experiences like Gringotts bank, Carkitt Market, and Knockturn Alley.Hogsmeade
This picturesque snow-capped village is located within Universal’s Islands of Adventure at the foot of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
Starting in either park guarantees you a great day — obviously, you’re at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, you really can’t go wrong — but we recommend starting at Hogsmeade, catching the train over to Diagon Alley mid-day, and then coming back to Hogsmeade to finish the night.
The day I tried this adventure, I headed straight to Hogsmeade. The best part about starting your day in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter? Shorter wait times because, as you’ll see on your map, it’s near the back of the park. My fellow Hogwarts students and I strolled into Hogsmeade and it only took us half the time it would have been to ride during peak park hours to ride Hagrid’s Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure. And, bonus, since the whole ride queue is an immersive experience, the line feels shorter and the time passes itself as you try to spot all the fun, hidden gems throughout the attraction.
Shortly after you choose the sidecar or motorbike, you’ll be twisting and turning deep into the Forbidden Forest. It’s an incredible experience joining Hagrid on this all-new thrilling roller coaster ride!
Letter or not, you have been formally accepted to bask in the incredible sight of the Hogwarts castle. Free wildlife slots online. Seeing it in real life is incredible. I still get chills walking toward it, no matter the weather!
Once we’re inside the castle, let’s rideHarry Potter and the Forbidden Journey. Yes,we really can walk inside Hogwarts, and we’re going to. See the magic come to life as you enter through the towering castle gates, experience countless relics from the story and walk past iconic classrooms, all in preparation to soar above the castle grounds on a life-changing adventure and incredible multidimensional thrill-ride.
Now we’re heading to ride Flight of the Hippogriff. This family-friendly coaster is my personal favorite since I can gather up all my “Gryffindor bravery” to conquer this ride. As you move up on this coaster track, you’ll see Buckbeak, the Hippogriff, as he bows down. When you get to the top, make sure to look around and take in the view as this ride offers unique sights of Hogsmeade and Hogwarts. Before you know it, you’ll spiral past Hagrid’s hut and over the pumpkin patch. What an adventure!
If you’re anything like me and Ron Weasley, all this excitement has probably helped you work up quite an appetite. Time to grab a bite at the Three Broomsticks. Once you walk in, your nose will enjoy scents of delicious delicacies. This spot offers the chance to enjoy authentic food that your favorite characters also enjoyed. This rustic tavern serves breakfast, lunch or dinner. It’s full of delicious, hearty, British food and world-famous can-not-miss Butterbeer. As I prefer sweets for breakfast, I think I’ll order the fluffy Pancake Breakfast.
“OK now that we’ve eaten, it’s time to catch the Hogwarts Express,” is just one of those casual sentences you can say when you’re at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter. Walk over to Hogwarts Express: Hogsmeade Station and we can head to King’s Cross Station in London, at Universal Studios Florida. This isn’t just any regular old train ride, so be prepped for an incredible experience as we ride with our friends (real and fictional) over to Diagon Alley. (Just make sure you have the park-to-park ticket!)
After you deboard the scarlet engine, you’ll find yourself on Platform 9 ¾ in the bustlingHogwarts Express: King’s Cross Station.
Time to enter Diagon Alley. Make a left from King’s Cross Station and you’ll pass through the brick archway to enter into the bustling streets of Diagon Alley. Now you’ll really want to take a second to soak it all in. The magic of the hustle and bustle is all around you. You are standing where aspiring witches and wizards begin their journey to another semester at Hogwarts.
Every witch or wizard knows you can’t start a shopping spree in Diagon Alley without a trip to Gringotts bank. Let’s stop by Gringotts Money Exchange, because, honestly, how often do you get the chance to ask a Goblin a question? Come on in and ask away! You can even exchange U.S currency for Gringotts bank notes that can be used for purchases throughout both lands.
Now we can headdeep into the vaults atHarry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts. Walk through the bank’s grand marble lobby, then journey through underground passageways as we experience a multi-dimensional thrill ride. If you’re like me and love The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, but maybe your Gryffindor bravery stops at roller coasters, you can still walk the queue with your thrill-seeking friends. I definitely recommend doing this, as walking these lines feels like you’ve jumped straight into the story.
Next, head toOllivanders and experience how a wand chooses its wizard… you may even be selected to be paired with a wand of your own to purchase and take home! As you walk through the shop you can also browse an array of wands stacked floor-to-ceiling by the thousands. We recommend getting the interactive wand for next-level wizarding fun….
While I know it’s hard to stop yourself from looking up at all the details around you, try not to miss the details at your own feet. You may notice gold medallions placed throughout the streets. These help indicate where you can practice your hand at casting spells with your interactive wand.Every interactive wand comes with a map that marks these spell-locations throughout Diagon Alley and Hogsmeade. All you’ll need is a gentle flick of the wrist, the right incantation, and your interactive wand to create your own magical experiences.
Visit the shops and build your wizarding wardrobe atMadam Malkin’s Robes for All Occasions. Whether you’re Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Slytherin, or Ravenclaw, this is a great spot to find the gear to proudly represent your House colors. Shoutout to all those rocking the red and gold.
Hungry again? Me. Too. Let’s grab a bite in the Leaky Cauldron. This is an iconic eatery of the wizarding world, so let’s take a break from all that wandwork and enjoy some authentic British cuisine! Might I suggest the Ploughman’s Platter?
Is there a better way to pass the time while our food settles than watching some wizarding world entertainment? There are two incredible shows at Diagon Alley’s Carkitt Market, so we recommend sticking around for both.
The Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees show is a bewitching live performance with sweet, smooth melodies by this wizarding world sensation (she’s also Molly Weasley’s favorite singer).
The Tales of Beedle and the Bard is a show presented by the Wizarding Academy of Dramatic Arts, retelling two famous 15th-century stories from wizarding fairytales, including The Fountain of Fair Fortune and The Tale of the Three Brothers. Be sure to stick around for the end of this show in particular — the ending blew my mind the first time I saw it!
OK, who’s ready for dessert? Let’s make a stop atFlorean Fortescue’s Ice-Cream Parlour. If you thought you liked Butterbeer, wait until you try it in ice-cream form. Here you can taste a variety of unique flavored soft-serve ice-cream including Chocolate Chili, Salted Caramel Blondie, and Earl Grey and Lavender. They’re all excellent, but my favorite is the chocolate raspberry with vanilla bean in a waffle cone and topped with sprinkles.
If you’re a Gryffindor like me, you may be more suspicious of the Dark Arts. But let’s explore the Darker side magic in Knockturn Alley and visit Borgin and Burkes, known for inviting shady patrons, including Draco Malfoy. While this place literally gives me the chills, here you can explore malevolent relics, items of Dark Arts, and other oddities. Don’t be surprised if your Slytherin friends drag you to this side of Diagon Alley. Not only will you be able to shop unique merchandise only found in this dark alley, but you’ll also be able to cast special incantations and find hidden gems here. Harry Potter World Time Slots Free Play
Outside of Diagon Alley in London, we can talk with the Knight Bus Conductor. Passers-by like us can look inside the purple, three-storied Knight Bus and hear chatter from the talkative shrunken head hanging over the steering wheel.
One of the lesser-known must-dos in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is a stop at the Magical Telephone Booth. At first glance, it might seem like an ordinary booth, but you’re with me and I just so happen to know how to use the right “M-A-G-I-C”. Time Harry Potter Magazine
All right, time to catch the train again. Let’s walk to the station where you can walk through a solid brick wall onto Platform 9¾ — Hogwarts Express: King’s Cross Station. On this train ride, we can enjoy the urban outskirts of London into the British countryside while we catch up on all the fun we’ve already had and deliciousness we’ve already eaten.
Back in Hogsmeade, let’s take a break at the Hog’s Head. After back-to-back thrilling rides, shopping, and casting spells, relaxing inside this pub located behind Three Broomsticks sounds perfect. We can even enjoy traditional drinks, as well as Butterbeer, Pumpkin Juice, and Gillywater.
Time to stock up on delicious delectables atHoneydukes. This delightful shop has legendary wizarding world sweets including Chocolate Frogs, Bertie Bott’s Every-Flavour Beans, and Exploding Bonbons.
The sun may be setting, but our day is definitely not over. At night, Hogwarts castle transforms into a beautifully themed experience that changes depending on the season:
*The Nighttime Lights at Hogwarts Castle: Enjoy this dazzling spectacle where you see projections against the majestic Hogwarts castle, celebrating the four houses.
*Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle: This powerful story of light vs. dark shows Hogwarts castle being taken over by dark magic and then — well, why spoil it? Catch it for yourself during the fall season.
*The Magic of Christmas at Hogwarts Castle: The holidays in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter spring to life through this incredible display when Hogwarts castle is transformed for the Christmas season.
These shows are the perfect way to end your epic experience at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter!
WHAT a day! Of course just one day in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is not nearly enough to experience all the magic it has to offer! We’ll see you at the Three Broomsticks tomorrow morning.10 Reasons to Celebrate the Holidays at Universal Orlando ResortNovember 19, 2020
Register here: http://gg.gg/x1s5l
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
For young Harry Potter fans, create a magical adventure with spell-bounding games such as Harry Potter Clue, Harry Potter Codename, and Harry Potter UNO. Explore Barnes & Noble to bring the enchanting experience home. Check out our blog post for tips on what age your child should start reading Harry Potter. Then comes the queuing, because it wouldn’t be a Harry Potter attraction without a line up (this is after all one of the world’s most famous film franchises). While waiting for your time slot, you might want to head over to the studio cafe or Starbucks for a snack, otherwise there’s plenty of merchandise in the store to keep you busy for. Check out our tips for visits to The Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Orlando; Read about how we were among the first people to visit the Harry Potter Studio Tour – we LOVED it! We have actually visited the Studio Tour six times now. We love it that much! Every time you go there is something new to see. Represent your Hogwarts house and celebrate the magic and enchantment of Harry Potter like never before! Prepare to master spells, outsmart challenges, and explore the wonders of the Wizarding World while becoming enchanted by the most marvelous matching puzzles ever found on your mobile device! Time Slots (SlotID) Period: Start Time: End Time: M: T: W: Th: F: Morning Period 1 (MP1) 8:00: 9:00: 1: 6: 11: 6: 13: Morning Period 2 (MP2) 9:15: 10:15: 1: 7: 11: 7: 13: Morning Period 3 (MP3) 10:30: 11:45: 2: 8: 8: 2: Lunch: 11:45: 1:00: Afternoon Period 1 (AP1) 1:00: 2:00: 3: 9: 3: 9: 14: Afternoon Period 2 (AP2) 2:15: 3:15: 4: 10: 4: 12: 14: Afternoon Period 3 (AP3) 3:30: 4:30: 5: 10: 5: 12.
Let me start by saying, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is downright magical. Whether it’s your first time visiting or your 100th, the experience of being dropped into the story of Harry Potter will give you chills (and quite a few thrills, for you roller coaster fanatics).
We don’t all get gifted Time-Turners from Professor McGonagall, though, so if you find yourself short on time and wanting to get the most out of your trip to The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, I’ve got some top tips to make sure you’re set for an incredible day. I’ll even come along with you because, let’s be honest, I could always use another day in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.WHERE TO BEGIN
Just like how the wand chooses the wizard, you must choose where your adventure begins. It’s important to know there are two unique wizarding world lands that offer completely different experiences at Universal Studios Florida and Universal’s Islands of Adventure. Diagon Alley
Nestled in the heart of ‘London’ within Universal Studios Florida, Diagon Alley is home to must-see experiences like Gringotts bank, Carkitt Market, and Knockturn Alley.Hogsmeade
This picturesque snow-capped village is located within Universal’s Islands of Adventure at the foot of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
Starting in either park guarantees you a great day — obviously, you’re at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, you really can’t go wrong — but we recommend starting at Hogsmeade, catching the train over to Diagon Alley mid-day, and then coming back to Hogsmeade to finish the night.
The day I tried this adventure, I headed straight to Hogsmeade. The best part about starting your day in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter? Shorter wait times because, as you’ll see on your map, it’s near the back of the park. My fellow Hogwarts students and I strolled into Hogsmeade and it only took us half the time it would have been to ride during peak park hours to ride Hagrid’s Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure. And, bonus, since the whole ride queue is an immersive experience, the line feels shorter and the time passes itself as you try to spot all the fun, hidden gems throughout the attraction.
Shortly after you choose the sidecar or motorbike, you’ll be twisting and turning deep into the Forbidden Forest. It’s an incredible experience joining Hagrid on this all-new thrilling roller coaster ride!
Letter or not, you have been formally accepted to bask in the incredible sight of the Hogwarts castle. Free wildlife slots online. Seeing it in real life is incredible. I still get chills walking toward it, no matter the weather!
Once we’re inside the castle, let’s rideHarry Potter and the Forbidden Journey. Yes,we really can walk inside Hogwarts, and we’re going to. See the magic come to life as you enter through the towering castle gates, experience countless relics from the story and walk past iconic classrooms, all in preparation to soar above the castle grounds on a life-changing adventure and incredible multidimensional thrill-ride.
Now we’re heading to ride Flight of the Hippogriff. This family-friendly coaster is my personal favorite since I can gather up all my “Gryffindor bravery” to conquer this ride. As you move up on this coaster track, you’ll see Buckbeak, the Hippogriff, as he bows down. When you get to the top, make sure to look around and take in the view as this ride offers unique sights of Hogsmeade and Hogwarts. Before you know it, you’ll spiral past Hagrid’s hut and over the pumpkin patch. What an adventure!
If you’re anything like me and Ron Weasley, all this excitement has probably helped you work up quite an appetite. Time to grab a bite at the Three Broomsticks. Once you walk in, your nose will enjoy scents of delicious delicacies. This spot offers the chance to enjoy authentic food that your favorite characters also enjoyed. This rustic tavern serves breakfast, lunch or dinner. It’s full of delicious, hearty, British food and world-famous can-not-miss Butterbeer. As I prefer sweets for breakfast, I think I’ll order the fluffy Pancake Breakfast.
“OK now that we’ve eaten, it’s time to catch the Hogwarts Express,” is just one of those casual sentences you can say when you’re at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter. Walk over to Hogwarts Express: Hogsmeade Station and we can head to King’s Cross Station in London, at Universal Studios Florida. This isn’t just any regular old train ride, so be prepped for an incredible experience as we ride with our friends (real and fictional) over to Diagon Alley. (Just make sure you have the park-to-park ticket!)
After you deboard the scarlet engine, you’ll find yourself on Platform 9 ¾ in the bustlingHogwarts Express: King’s Cross Station.
Time to enter Diagon Alley. Make a left from King’s Cross Station and you’ll pass through the brick archway to enter into the bustling streets of Diagon Alley. Now you’ll really want to take a second to soak it all in. The magic of the hustle and bustle is all around you. You are standing where aspiring witches and wizards begin their journey to another semester at Hogwarts.
Every witch or wizard knows you can’t start a shopping spree in Diagon Alley without a trip to Gringotts bank. Let’s stop by Gringotts Money Exchange, because, honestly, how often do you get the chance to ask a Goblin a question? Come on in and ask away! You can even exchange U.S currency for Gringotts bank notes that can be used for purchases throughout both lands.
Now we can headdeep into the vaults atHarry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts. Walk through the bank’s grand marble lobby, then journey through underground passageways as we experience a multi-dimensional thrill ride. If you’re like me and love The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, but maybe your Gryffindor bravery stops at roller coasters, you can still walk the queue with your thrill-seeking friends. I definitely recommend doing this, as walking these lines feels like you’ve jumped straight into the story.
Next, head toOllivanders and experience how a wand chooses its wizard… you may even be selected to be paired with a wand of your own to purchase and take home! As you walk through the shop you can also browse an array of wands stacked floor-to-ceiling by the thousands. We recommend getting the interactive wand for next-level wizarding fun….
While I know it’s hard to stop yourself from looking up at all the details around you, try not to miss the details at your own feet. You may notice gold medallions placed throughout the streets. These help indicate where you can practice your hand at casting spells with your interactive wand.Every interactive wand comes with a map that marks these spell-locations throughout Diagon Alley and Hogsmeade. All you’ll need is a gentle flick of the wrist, the right incantation, and your interactive wand to create your own magical experiences.
Visit the shops and build your wizarding wardrobe atMadam Malkin’s Robes for All Occasions. Whether you’re Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Slytherin, or Ravenclaw, this is a great spot to find the gear to proudly represent your House colors. Shoutout to all those rocking the red and gold.
Hungry again? Me. Too. Let’s grab a bite in the Leaky Cauldron. This is an iconic eatery of the wizarding world, so let’s take a break from all that wandwork and enjoy some authentic British cuisine! Might I suggest the Ploughman’s Platter?
Is there a better way to pass the time while our food settles than watching some wizarding world entertainment? There are two incredible shows at Diagon Alley’s Carkitt Market, so we recommend sticking around for both.
The Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees show is a bewitching live performance with sweet, smooth melodies by this wizarding world sensation (she’s also Molly Weasley’s favorite singer).
The Tales of Beedle and the Bard is a show presented by the Wizarding Academy of Dramatic Arts, retelling two famous 15th-century stories from wizarding fairytales, including The Fountain of Fair Fortune and The Tale of the Three Brothers. Be sure to stick around for the end of this show in particular — the ending blew my mind the first time I saw it!
OK, who’s ready for dessert? Let’s make a stop atFlorean Fortescue’s Ice-Cream Parlour. If you thought you liked Butterbeer, wait until you try it in ice-cream form. Here you can taste a variety of unique flavored soft-serve ice-cream including Chocolate Chili, Salted Caramel Blondie, and Earl Grey and Lavender. They’re all excellent, but my favorite is the chocolate raspberry with vanilla bean in a waffle cone and topped with sprinkles.
If you’re a Gryffindor like me, you may be more suspicious of the Dark Arts. But let’s explore the Darker side magic in Knockturn Alley and visit Borgin and Burkes, known for inviting shady patrons, including Draco Malfoy. While this place literally gives me the chills, here you can explore malevolent relics, items of Dark Arts, and other oddities. Don’t be surprised if your Slytherin friends drag you to this side of Diagon Alley. Not only will you be able to shop unique merchandise only found in this dark alley, but you’ll also be able to cast special incantations and find hidden gems here. Harry Potter World Time Slots Free Play
Outside of Diagon Alley in London, we can talk with the Knight Bus Conductor. Passers-by like us can look inside the purple, three-storied Knight Bus and hear chatter from the talkative shrunken head hanging over the steering wheel.
One of the lesser-known must-dos in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is a stop at the Magical Telephone Booth. At first glance, it might seem like an ordinary booth, but you’re with me and I just so happen to know how to use the right “M-A-G-I-C”. Time Harry Potter Magazine
All right, time to catch the train again. Let’s walk to the station where you can walk through a solid brick wall onto Platform 9¾ — Hogwarts Express: King’s Cross Station. On this train ride, we can enjoy the urban outskirts of London into the British countryside while we catch up on all the fun we’ve already had and deliciousness we’ve already eaten.
Back in Hogsmeade, let’s take a break at the Hog’s Head. After back-to-back thrilling rides, shopping, and casting spells, relaxing inside this pub located behind Three Broomsticks sounds perfect. We can even enjoy traditional drinks, as well as Butterbeer, Pumpkin Juice, and Gillywater.
Time to stock up on delicious delectables atHoneydukes. This delightful shop has legendary wizarding world sweets including Chocolate Frogs, Bertie Bott’s Every-Flavour Beans, and Exploding Bonbons.
The sun may be setting, but our day is definitely not over. At night, Hogwarts castle transforms into a beautifully themed experience that changes depending on the season:
*The Nighttime Lights at Hogwarts Castle: Enjoy this dazzling spectacle where you see projections against the majestic Hogwarts castle, celebrating the four houses.
*Dark Arts at Hogwarts Castle: This powerful story of light vs. dark shows Hogwarts castle being taken over by dark magic and then — well, why spoil it? Catch it for yourself during the fall season.
*The Magic of Christmas at Hogwarts Castle: The holidays in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter spring to life through this incredible display when Hogwarts castle is transformed for the Christmas season.
These shows are the perfect way to end your epic experience at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter!
WHAT a day! Of course just one day in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is not nearly enough to experience all the magic it has to offer! We’ll see you at the Three Broomsticks tomorrow morning.10 Reasons to Celebrate the Holidays at Universal Orlando ResortNovember 19, 2020
Register here: http://gg.gg/x1s5l
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
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FROM NEW YORK CITY:
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Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Schecter Blackjack Slim Line Series C-1 FR Sustainiac 6-String Electric Guitar, Satin Black at Amazon.com. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. New and regular casino players Schecter Blackjack Sls C 1 Fr Sustainiac Review might have noticed how there’s been an increase Schecter Blackjack Sls C 1 Fr Sustainiac Review in the number of.
The Blackjack SLS range includes a variety of models with similar specs but across different body shapes, hardware features and string counts; the single cutaway Solo-6, the eight-string superstrat-style C-8, the Tele-like PT, the Floyd Rose-loaded V-1 FR V… they’re all unmistakably Schecter but they each offer something slightly different to each other. Greektown casino detroit. What unites them is that ‘SLS’ – it stands for Slim Line Series. These guitars feature a thinner arched top body measuring 45mm deep for a lighter feel. And many players swear by the tonal qualities of lighter guitars.
[geo-out country=”Australia” note=””]Buy the Schecter Blackjack SLS C-1 from Guitar Center[/geo-out]
The Blackjack SLS C-1 is one of the more straight foward models in the line-up: six strings, through-body stringing. The body is made of mahogany (models with transparent finishes have a flamed maple top as well), with a three-piece maple neck, ebony fretboard, 24 Jumbo frets, black multi-ply binding and set-neck construction with Ultra Access joint carve. This is a very clever way of sculpting the neck joint area so that it looks and feels like a neck-thru (that is, a guitar where the wood that makes up the neck continues on all the way along the body, often with ‘wings’ of a different type of wood glued either side). All models feature a super-cool Mother of Pearl ‘Hell’s Gate Skull’ inlay centred on the twelfth fret, but it’s to big that it spills out onto the 11th and 13th as well. It catches the light and reflects some rainbow-like hues, which is pretty cool!Schecter Blackjack V
Most models in the SLS line are available in two electronics options: an active version with Seymour Duncan Blackouts humbuckers, or a passive variant with Seymour Duncan Full Shred and Jazz humbuckers with a coil split. The exceptions are the eight-string SLS C-8, which is only available with the AHB-1 eight-string Blackouts set, and the C-1 S and C-1 FR-S, which have a Full Shred in the bridge position and a Sustainiac driver in the neck slot. The review model, the SLS C-1, has the Full Shred/Jazz combo, dedicated volume pots for each pickup, and a master tone pot which doubles as a push-pull coil split for both humbuckers. Pickup selection is via a three-way switch, so you end up with a total of six different sounds.Schecter Blackjack Sls C-1 Fr-s Price
The setup out of the box was far too high and with a considerable bow in the neck, so after taking to the guitar with a screwdriver and Allen wrench and letting it sit overnight it was ready to shred. The satin feel on the back of the neck takes a little getting used to if you’re accustomed to glossy finishes, but if you’re into the oiled wood thing you’ll feel at home. The neck shape is definitely geared towards power chords and fast soloing rather than huge bends, and the string spacing seems particularly well-suited to techniques like sweep picking and string skipping.
The choice of a Full Shred in the bridge position is a slightly surprising one, considering the huge popularity of the JB as the Duncan of choice for many guitar companies. The JB is a great all-round pickup for rock and metal styles. But the Full Shred is perfectly suited to the audience this guitar is aimed at: it has a fat and chunky low end but its double rows of Allen screw pole pieces give it a finely-tuned high end. It’s a very articulate pickup, so it’ll certainly keep up with you if your lead playing includes lots of intricate phrasing and dynamic shifts. It’s great for 80s-style rock crunch, and it totally kills for modern metal rhythm chunk. And because there’s so much musically-voiced high end, you don’t lose cut and clarity when you turn down your amp’s treble. This brings out some very expressive, creamy solo tones (and testing this guitar was part of the reason I went for a Full Shred in my Buddy Blaze 7-string – read my review of the pickup here).Schecter Blackjack Sls C-1 Reviews
The Jazz in the neck position is a very ‘noodly’ pickup with an almost vocal quality and emphasised pick attack: kind of the best of both worlds. It really sings when you sustain or bend notes, but it has almost a ‘honk’ overtone when you play fast, and this really helps to maintain the definition and character of all-out shreddage. The coil split is a lot of fun and the sounds are perfectly usable, especially for sparkly cleans or ringing semi-dirty open chords – the Jazz is particularly nice in single coil mode – but if this was my personal guitar I’d probably take to it with a soldering iron and install individual coil splits on each pickup’s volume control to get even more flexibility out of it.
Other than wishing for dual coil splits, there really isn’t anything I’d change about the SLS C-1. It’s well-balanced, it plays very well (especially if your technique is skewed to the metal/shred side of things), and it has a deceptively wide dynamic range for a genre of guitar that you might expect to squish everything down a little. And it’s a much more versatile guitar than you might think on first glance. Spanish poker festival castellon.
[geo-out country=”Australia” note=””]Buy the Schecter Blackjack SLS C-1 from Guitar Center[/geo-out]Schecter Blackjack Sls C-1 Review Car And Driver
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Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Schecter Blackjack Slim Line Series C-1 FR Sustainiac 6-String Electric Guitar, Satin Black at Amazon.com. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. New and regular casino players Schecter Blackjack Sls C 1 Fr Sustainiac Review might have noticed how there’s been an increase Schecter Blackjack Sls C 1 Fr Sustainiac Review in the number of.
The Blackjack SLS range includes a variety of models with similar specs but across different body shapes, hardware features and string counts; the single cutaway Solo-6, the eight-string superstrat-style C-8, the Tele-like PT, the Floyd Rose-loaded V-1 FR V… they’re all unmistakably Schecter but they each offer something slightly different to each other. Greektown casino detroit. What unites them is that ‘SLS’ – it stands for Slim Line Series. These guitars feature a thinner arched top body measuring 45mm deep for a lighter feel. And many players swear by the tonal qualities of lighter guitars.
[geo-out country=”Australia” note=””]Buy the Schecter Blackjack SLS C-1 from Guitar Center[/geo-out]
The Blackjack SLS C-1 is one of the more straight foward models in the line-up: six strings, through-body stringing. The body is made of mahogany (models with transparent finishes have a flamed maple top as well), with a three-piece maple neck, ebony fretboard, 24 Jumbo frets, black multi-ply binding and set-neck construction with Ultra Access joint carve. This is a very clever way of sculpting the neck joint area so that it looks and feels like a neck-thru (that is, a guitar where the wood that makes up the neck continues on all the way along the body, often with ‘wings’ of a different type of wood glued either side). All models feature a super-cool Mother of Pearl ‘Hell’s Gate Skull’ inlay centred on the twelfth fret, but it’s to big that it spills out onto the 11th and 13th as well. It catches the light and reflects some rainbow-like hues, which is pretty cool!Schecter Blackjack V
Most models in the SLS line are available in two electronics options: an active version with Seymour Duncan Blackouts humbuckers, or a passive variant with Seymour Duncan Full Shred and Jazz humbuckers with a coil split. The exceptions are the eight-string SLS C-8, which is only available with the AHB-1 eight-string Blackouts set, and the C-1 S and C-1 FR-S, which have a Full Shred in the bridge position and a Sustainiac driver in the neck slot. The review model, the SLS C-1, has the Full Shred/Jazz combo, dedicated volume pots for each pickup, and a master tone pot which doubles as a push-pull coil split for both humbuckers. Pickup selection is via a three-way switch, so you end up with a total of six different sounds.Schecter Blackjack Sls C-1 Fr-s Price
The setup out of the box was far too high and with a considerable bow in the neck, so after taking to the guitar with a screwdriver and Allen wrench and letting it sit overnight it was ready to shred. The satin feel on the back of the neck takes a little getting used to if you’re accustomed to glossy finishes, but if you’re into the oiled wood thing you’ll feel at home. The neck shape is definitely geared towards power chords and fast soloing rather than huge bends, and the string spacing seems particularly well-suited to techniques like sweep picking and string skipping.
The choice of a Full Shred in the bridge position is a slightly surprising one, considering the huge popularity of the JB as the Duncan of choice for many guitar companies. The JB is a great all-round pickup for rock and metal styles. But the Full Shred is perfectly suited to the audience this guitar is aimed at: it has a fat and chunky low end but its double rows of Allen screw pole pieces give it a finely-tuned high end. It’s a very articulate pickup, so it’ll certainly keep up with you if your lead playing includes lots of intricate phrasing and dynamic shifts. It’s great for 80s-style rock crunch, and it totally kills for modern metal rhythm chunk. And because there’s so much musically-voiced high end, you don’t lose cut and clarity when you turn down your amp’s treble. This brings out some very expressive, creamy solo tones (and testing this guitar was part of the reason I went for a Full Shred in my Buddy Blaze 7-string – read my review of the pickup here).Schecter Blackjack Sls C-1 Reviews
The Jazz in the neck position is a very ‘noodly’ pickup with an almost vocal quality and emphasised pick attack: kind of the best of both worlds. It really sings when you sustain or bend notes, but it has almost a ‘honk’ overtone when you play fast, and this really helps to maintain the definition and character of all-out shreddage. The coil split is a lot of fun and the sounds are perfectly usable, especially for sparkly cleans or ringing semi-dirty open chords – the Jazz is particularly nice in single coil mode – but if this was my personal guitar I’d probably take to it with a soldering iron and install individual coil splits on each pickup’s volume control to get even more flexibility out of it.
Other than wishing for dual coil splits, there really isn’t anything I’d change about the SLS C-1. It’s well-balanced, it plays very well (especially if your technique is skewed to the metal/shred side of things), and it has a deceptively wide dynamic range for a genre of guitar that you might expect to squish everything down a little. And it’s a much more versatile guitar than you might think on first glance. Spanish poker festival castellon.
[geo-out country=”Australia” note=””]Buy the Schecter Blackjack SLS C-1 from Guitar Center[/geo-out]Schecter Blackjack Sls C-1 Review Car And Driver
Register here: http://gg.gg/x1s1e
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Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen said regulations taking effect Thursday, December 1, will give casinos new tools to counter money laundering. Money Laundering Through Casinos
’Our goal is to shape effective counter-money laundering policies while reducing unnecessary regulatory burden,’ Bentsen said. ’We want to enable financial institutions, including casinos, to be more effective and responsive in taking steps to prevent and detect money laundering, and in supporting swift enforcement actions.’
The regulations come under the Bank Secrecy Act, or BSA, which is at the core of Treasury’s program to combat financial crimes including money laundering and tax evasion. It is administered by Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, known as FinCEN.
Revision of anti-money laundering guidance and advice The Gambling Commission has published a revision to the 5 th Edition of the guidance for non-remote and remote casino operators on the. A sign marks the Trump Taj Mahal Hotel and Casino, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, May 8, 2004. While some experts believe the Trump administration will not move to weaken anti-money-laundering. The Money Laundering Regulations 2017 require casinos to conduct a written assessment of their risk to money laundering. The Regulations also state that a casino must carry out enhanced due diligence on any customer placing bets totalling 2,000 euros or more in a 24-hour period.
On 10 January 2020 changes to the Government’s Money Laundering Regulations came into force. They update the UK’s AML regime to incorporate international standards set by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and to transpose the EU’s 5th Money Laundering Directive. This page highlights some specific new areas that firms need to comply with.
The most important provisions of the newly effective regulations include:
* a requirement that casinos establish and maintain written BSA compliance programs that emphasize the use of automated systems, the need for independent audits of compliance, and the training of casino employees; and
* enhanced requirements for customer identification with the opening of a deposit or credit account at a casino.
Although the regulations go into effect on December 1, there will be a six-month period for casinos to put the new procedures in place. The regulations were originally issued in March 1993 and were scheduled to become effective in September 1993. Their effective date was extended until December 1994 while Treasury determined how best to implement the measures. The final product reflects comments by state regulators and representatives of the casino industry.
As part of its effort to reduce regulatory burden, Treasury has withdrawn some provisions of the regulations which could have imposed significant costs on casinos and required significant changes in gaming procedures, without clear off-setting compliance benefits. Under the reduction efforts, Treasury has: Casino Money Laundering Regulations Act
* eliminated a provision from the original regulations which would have required casinos to record and verify the identification of any customer whose transactions in currency on a gaming day reached $3,000 (and to track those transactions at $500 intervals);
* withdrawn a provision that casinos obtain missing customer information when a customer’s multiple transactions in aggregate, exceed $10,000 in currency;
* eliminated a provision requiring casinos to maintain a chronological record identifying all transactions occurring at the cashier’s window; and
* withdrawn a requirement that casinos maintain a list of customers who are known by aliases.
’We believe that the 1993 Regulations can be safely altered in light of our intention to issue regulations in the near future requiring financial institutions, including casinos, to report suspicious transactions and establish counter-money laundering measures including, ’know your customer’ policies and programs,’ said Ronald K. Noble, Treasury’s Under Secretary for Enforcement. ’With this in mind, the modifications to the 1993 regulations should not reduce the value of information that casinos are required to maintain or report, or more importantly, reduce the level of BSA compliance by casinos.’
Today’s actions are the first of several steps Treasury will take within the next year to apply its new counter-money laundering programs to casinos and other non-bank financial institutions. Thus, for example, the details of the required compliance program include terms that anticipate Treasury’s adopting of suspicious transaction reporting requirements applicable to casinos, among others. Blackjack probability chart.
In addition, FinCEN anticipates publishing in the near future a notice of rulemaking that would propose making certain Indian gaming establishments subject to appropriate provisions of the BSA and, as a related matter, would propose exempting many small casinos from reporting and recordkeeping rules designed for larger establishments. Casino Money Laundering Regulations Legislation
Although casinos in Nevada have been exempted from compliance with the reporting and recordkeeping requirements contained in the BSA regulations since 1985, the exemption requires Nevada to maintain a state casino regulatory system which ’substantially meets the reporting and recordkeeping requirements’ of the BSA regulations, including those that became effective on December 1.
Register here: http://gg.gg/x1s0x
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
*Money Laundering Through Casinos
*Casino Money Laundering Regulations Act
*Casino Money Laundering Regulations Legislation
Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen said regulations taking effect Thursday, December 1, will give casinos new tools to counter money laundering. Money Laundering Through Casinos
’Our goal is to shape effective counter-money laundering policies while reducing unnecessary regulatory burden,’ Bentsen said. ’We want to enable financial institutions, including casinos, to be more effective and responsive in taking steps to prevent and detect money laundering, and in supporting swift enforcement actions.’
The regulations come under the Bank Secrecy Act, or BSA, which is at the core of Treasury’s program to combat financial crimes including money laundering and tax evasion. It is administered by Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, known as FinCEN.
Revision of anti-money laundering guidance and advice The Gambling Commission has published a revision to the 5 th Edition of the guidance for non-remote and remote casino operators on the. A sign marks the Trump Taj Mahal Hotel and Casino, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, May 8, 2004. While some experts believe the Trump administration will not move to weaken anti-money-laundering. The Money Laundering Regulations 2017 require casinos to conduct a written assessment of their risk to money laundering. The Regulations also state that a casino must carry out enhanced due diligence on any customer placing bets totalling 2,000 euros or more in a 24-hour period.
On 10 January 2020 changes to the Government’s Money Laundering Regulations came into force. They update the UK’s AML regime to incorporate international standards set by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and to transpose the EU’s 5th Money Laundering Directive. This page highlights some specific new areas that firms need to comply with.
The most important provisions of the newly effective regulations include:
* a requirement that casinos establish and maintain written BSA compliance programs that emphasize the use of automated systems, the need for independent audits of compliance, and the training of casino employees; and
* enhanced requirements for customer identification with the opening of a deposit or credit account at a casino.
Although the regulations go into effect on December 1, there will be a six-month period for casinos to put the new procedures in place. The regulations were originally issued in March 1993 and were scheduled to become effective in September 1993. Their effective date was extended until December 1994 while Treasury determined how best to implement the measures. The final product reflects comments by state regulators and representatives of the casino industry.
As part of its effort to reduce regulatory burden, Treasury has withdrawn some provisions of the regulations which could have imposed significant costs on casinos and required significant changes in gaming procedures, without clear off-setting compliance benefits. Under the reduction efforts, Treasury has: Casino Money Laundering Regulations Act
* eliminated a provision from the original regulations which would have required casinos to record and verify the identification of any customer whose transactions in currency on a gaming day reached $3,000 (and to track those transactions at $500 intervals);
* withdrawn a provision that casinos obtain missing customer information when a customer’s multiple transactions in aggregate, exceed $10,000 in currency;
* eliminated a provision requiring casinos to maintain a chronological record identifying all transactions occurring at the cashier’s window; and
* withdrawn a requirement that casinos maintain a list of customers who are known by aliases.
’We believe that the 1993 Regulations can be safely altered in light of our intention to issue regulations in the near future requiring financial institutions, including casinos, to report suspicious transactions and establish counter-money laundering measures including, ’know your customer’ policies and programs,’ said Ronald K. Noble, Treasury’s Under Secretary for Enforcement. ’With this in mind, the modifications to the 1993 regulations should not reduce the value of information that casinos are required to maintain or report, or more importantly, reduce the level of BSA compliance by casinos.’
Today’s actions are the first of several steps Treasury will take within the next year to apply its new counter-money laundering programs to casinos and other non-bank financial institutions. Thus, for example, the details of the required compliance program include terms that anticipate Treasury’s adopting of suspicious transaction reporting requirements applicable to casinos, among others. Blackjack probability chart.
In addition, FinCEN anticipates publishing in the near future a notice of rulemaking that would propose making certain Indian gaming establishments subject to appropriate provisions of the BSA and, as a related matter, would propose exempting many small casinos from reporting and recordkeeping rules designed for larger establishments. Casino Money Laundering Regulations Legislation
Although casinos in Nevada have been exempted from compliance with the reporting and recordkeeping requirements contained in the BSA regulations since 1985, the exemption requires Nevada to maintain a state casino regulatory system which ’substantially meets the reporting and recordkeeping requirements’ of the BSA regulations, including those that became effective on December 1.
Register here: http://gg.gg/x1s0x
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
Blackjack Probability Chart
2021年10月9日Register here: http://gg.gg/w63o4
*After accounting for the probability of a dealer blackjack, the ’grand total’ return is reported as -0.485 percent, or about one-half of one percent of your original bet for this set of playing rules.
*Blackjack Dealer Outcome Probabilities The dealer outcome probability charts on this page can be helpful in determining which of two tournament strategies is preferable. The values in these charts were calculated using a combinatorial analysis from a full deck after removing only the dealer’s upcard. How to use the charts.
*Odds Of Winning Blackjack
*Blackjack Probability ChartMathematical Studies Project
Probability of Blackjack
Content Page
Page
Statement of task 2
Introduction 3 - 4
Data collection 5 - 6
The four Blackjack strategies 7 - 15
Conclusion 16
Bibliography 17
Statement of Task
This project aims to investigate how mathematics works in one of the most popular card games in the world - Blackjack. It examines the probability in the Blackjack and how the use of mathematics can be…show more content…
Blackjack strategies
Strategy I Hit when the sum of the first two cards is less than the dealer’s upcard
Let x be the player’s sum of card values of the first two cards.
Let D be the dealer’s upcard(the second card).
If x < D, the player should always hit.
When x < D, it is obvious that x must be less than the dealer’s final value (covered card + upcard), given that the sum of the first two cards of the dealer is[pic]- no busting. Therefore, under this situation, the player must hit. Otherwise, his probability of winning is 0.
Strategy II Hit or Stand
If the hard total is 11 or less, the player should always hit. This is because no matter what card the player is getting, the total hand value will not exceed 21. By using the Hit ot Stand strategy, the house edge can be cut to as low as 2%.[1] Fig. 1 is the decision making chart when using this strategy.
Card | |A |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |J |Q |K | | |Real value |1 |11 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |10 |10 |10 | |A |1 |2 |12 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |11 |11 |11 | | |11 |12 |22 |13 |14 |15 |16 |17 |18 |19 |20 |21 |21 |21 |21 | |2 |2 |3 |13 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |12 |12 |12 | |3 |3 |4 |14 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |13 |13 |13 | |4 |4 |5 |15 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |14 |14 |14 |14 | |5 |5 |6 |16 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |14on
To figure out the new house edge with a different blackjack rule, simply take the baseline blackjack house edge and then add or subtract the percentage above. There are loads more rules variants – the above are just a few common ones. For example, if you find a blackjack table that pays 6 to 5 on a blackjack (a “natural”), run away.
Blackjack probability is just like any other probability in the casino. It’s a means of measuring the likelihood of certain events. You’ll often see probabilities expressed as percentages, but they can be expressed as fractions or odds, too.
Blackjack statistics is a way of measuring your actual results and comparing them to your predicted results. In the long run, your actual results will start to resemble your predicted results. But in the short run, random chance will ensure that anything can happen.
That’s why some players have huge losing streaks, while others have big winning streaks. The casino doesn’t worry about this, because they’ve set up the games and the payouts in such a way that they’re ensured a profit in the long run. That’s a matter of expected value.Some Definitions Related to Probability and Expected Value
In fact, that’s probably the best way to introduce this blog post—with some definitions of some terms related to blackjack probability in general. That way you’ll be able to dig deeper into the main points of the post below.
Let’s start with the phrase “probability.” The word has 2 meanings. The first is that probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with the likelihood of an event occurring. The 2nd is more useful—probability also refers to an event’s likelihood.
Probability is measured numerically, and an event’s probability is always a number between 0 and 1. An event with a probability of 0 will never happen. An event with a probability of 1 will always happen.
An event with a probability of 50% will happen half the time, on average. 50% is one of the more common ways to express that probability, but you could also say that this event has a probability of 1/2 and still be correct. Another useful way to express probability is in odds format. That’s when you compare the number of ways something can’t happen with the number of ways it can happen. With a 50% probability, an event has “even odds,” or 1 to 1 odds.
Expressing probabilities as odds can be useful when trying to decide whether you have an edge or not. In most casinos, the games all have a built-in edge, but blackjack is exceptional in this respect. I’ll get into that a little later in this post.
Another important concept in gambling probability to understand is the concept of “expected value.” This is what a bet is “worth.” A bet’s expected value can be positive or negative, but if you’re a player in a casino, it’s almost always negative. The formula for expected value is simple, too:
You multiply the probability of winning by the amount you stand to win. You also multiply the probability of losing by the amount you stand to lose. You subtract one from the other, and you have the expected value of the bet.Odds Of Winning Blackjack
For example, if you have a 50% chance of winning $1, and you also have a 50% chance of losing $1, you have an expected value of 0. That bet is a break-even bet; over time, you won’t win any money at it or lose any money at it.
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But let’s say you have a 45% chance of winning $1, and you have a 55% chance of losing $1. Now your expected value looks quite different:
+$0.45 – $0.55 = -$0.10
This means that over time you’ll lose 10 cents every time you make this bet.
Almost all casino game bets have a negative expected value. You’ll either lose more often than you’ll win, or you’ll win too little when you win to break even, or some combination of these factors. That’s how casinos stay in business.
That’s also why gamblers walk away a winner. In the scenario outlined above, you can’t lose 10 cents on a single bet or even a series of 2 or 3 bets. You’re going to win or lose $1 on each hand.
The expected value is an average expected over the long run.
And the long run is longer than most people think.
That’s why the casino can afford to pay winners occasionally and still make a huge net profit overall.
“The house edge” is another way of looking at the expected value of a bet, but it’s only used to describe bets where the casino has an edge over the player.How the Casino Wins Consistently at Blackjack
You would think that the casino would have no edge in a game like blackjack. After all, the dealer is getting the same cards as the players. He has the same probability of being dealt a blackjack or going bust as a player.
The amazing thing about the house edge in casino games is that it’s usually a simple byproduct of the rules used by the casino for the game. For example, in roulette, the house gets an edge by paying off all the bets as if the 0 and the 00 weren’t on the wheel.
In blackjack, the house gets its edge by making the players resolve their actions and bets first before the dealer acts. In other words, you must make all your playing decisions before the dealer ever acts. This means that if you bust (get a total of 22 or higher), you automatically lose your bet—even if the dealer also goes bust. Since you acted first, and the dealer resolved your bust before having to play, the house has an advantage.’
This is a huge advantage made bigger by the fact that some players don’t play their hands optimally from a mathematical standpoint. In many cases, the best play is to stand on a hand which isn’t likely to win unless the dealer busts. A lot of players have trouble with this.
This advantage is so big for the casino that it can even afford to offer an extra high payout on some hands. In most casinos, a 2-card hand totaling 21 (a “blackjack” or “natural”) pays off at 3 to 2 odds. This means if you bet $100 and get a blackjack, you win $150.
The casinos can afford this bonus payout and still have a profitable mathematical edge over the player. This 3 to 2 payout is one of the reasons that smart players can get an edge over the casino, and I’ll have more to say about that later in this post.
Since there a finite number of cards in a blackjack deck, it’s possible to calculate the mathematically best play in every situation. This is called “basic strategy.” Computer programs analyze the potential results of every possible decision in every possible situation. The move with the highest expected value is the correct playing decision.
The average blackjack player loses an average of 5% of every bet he places at the blackjack table. The average blackjack player is playing with “common sense,” “hunches,” or just pure dumb instinct.
The smart blackjack player, though, memorizes and uses basic strategy in every situation. This reduces the house edge to less than 1%. Depending on the rules variations in effect at a specific blackjack table, the house edge might be significantly less than 0.5%.
But it doesn’t matter how low the house edge is. If the house has an edge over the player, if the player gambles long enough, he’ll eventually lose all his money. That’s how the casinos stay in business.
Blackjack, though, is different from almost every other game in the casino. It’s a game where a smart player with the right strategy can get an edge over the casino. This is beyond the abilities of most players, and even a lot of players who THINK they’re playing with an edge over the casino are mistaken.
I talk about why and how that is in the next section.How Probability in Blackjack Differs from Probability in Other Casino Games
The reason a strategic player can get an edge in blackjack is because as each card gets dealt, the composition of the deck as a whole changes. In any random shuffle of a 52-card deck, the cards might fall in any given pattern. But sometimes higher-value cards and lower-value cards are dispersed in the deck unevenly.
When I say “higher-value cards,” I means 10s and aces. Since these are the only cards that can create a blackjack—and the corresponding 3 to 2 payout—it’s better for the player if there are a relatively large number of these cards left in the deck.
“Lower-value cards,” on the other hand, increase your probability of going bust when you take a hit. They also make it harder to hit your 3 to 2 payout on the blackjack. If a deck has a relatively higher percentage of lower-value cards in it, the casino has a bigger edge than usual.
This might seem obvious, but think about it this way if it still isn’t clear:
You’re playing blackjack, and over the course of the 1st couple of hands, all 4 of the aces are dealt.
What is the probability of being dealt a natural after this?
Since you need a 10 AND an ace to get a natural, your probability of getting a natural drops to 0.
Here’s another way to think about it:
When you’re playing roulette or craps, the odds are the same on every outcome. That’s because the number of possible outcomes on a roulette wheel don’t change. You always have 38 numbers with an equal probability of coming up.
When you’re playing craps, those 2 dice have the same number of sides (6) every time you roll them.
You don’t eliminate a number from the roulette wheel once a ball has landed in that slot. You start over on the next spin.
You don’t eliminate a number from the sides of the dice just because it came up on the previous roll.
But when a card gets dealt in blackjack, it’s gone from the deck until the deck gets re-shuffled.
That changes the probabilities on every hand.How You Can Use This Information to Get an Edge over the Casino in Blackjack
If you could bet more when the deck has a higher ratio of 10s and aces and bet less when it doesn’t, you could get an edge over the casino. You’d be putting more money into action when you’re more likely to get a 3 to 2 payout.
And as it turns out, you CAN do exactly that.
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You’ve probably heard of “card counting.”
Unless you’ve read about it before, you probably think it’s beyond the capabilities of most mere mortals. Maybe you saw Rain Man as a teenager and think you need to be able to memorize every card as it’s played to succeed in counting cards.
But the truth is, anyone who can add and subtract 1 can count cards. Maintaining the level of concentration of keeping that count accurate while not looking like you’re counting is the real trick.
You don’t track specific cards when you’re counting cards in blackjack. You just track the ratio of high cards to low cards. You assign a value of -1 to the 10s and aces, for example. Then you assign a value of +1 to the 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, and 6s. The 7, 8, and 9 have a 0 value each.
When the running count is positive you bet more. The higher the count, the more you bet.
When the running count is 0, you bet less.
By doing this, you get a mathematical edge over the casino.Blackjack Probability Chart
You can also use the count to inform your basic strategy decisions. Basic strategy assumes a full 52-card deck, but once the ratios of cards change as the deck gets depleted, the playing decision with the highest expected value can change.
This can increase your edge over the house even further.
You don’t gain a huge edge over the casino through card counting, though. You usually wind up with an edge over the casino that’s close to the edge the casino has over the basic strategy players.
This means that you might be playing with an edge over the casino of 0.5% or 1%.
That’s not a huge edge.
But it’s big enough.Projecting Hourly Win Rates, Loss Rates, and Bankroll Requirements
How much does the average blackjack player lose per hour?
The formula is simple:
It’s the number of bets per hour, multiplied by the average size of those bets, multiplied by the house edge.
At an average blackjack player, you might see 80 hands per hour. Say you’re betting an average of $5 per hand, and you’re not using basic strategy, you’re looking at $400 in action per hour and losing 5% of that–$20/hour.
A basic strategy player, on the other hand, might reduce the house edge of 0.5%. This reduces his hourly loss rate to just $2/hour.
A card counter might be operating with a 1% edge over the house though. At the stakes we’re talking about, he’s winning $4/hour.
But consider this:
He’s raising the size of his bets based on the count, so his average bet size won’t be $5. It’ll probably be closer to $20.
Now we’re looking at $16/hour.
That’s not a great living, by the way. You can probably make the same money working at an In N Out Burger, in fact.
But as your bankroll grows, so does the average size of your bets. The people making real money counting cards might be putting $100 per hand into action on average. That’s $8000 per hour, or $80/hour in winnings.
$80/hour is some real money.
But one thing card counters need to think about is something called “risk of ruin.”
Remember how I talked about short term variance, and how you can’t expect long term expectations to hold true in the short term?
Just because you have an edge when counting cards doesn’t mean you’re going to show winnings every hour. You’re going to have wild swings of luck. That 1% edge is an average over thousands of hands.
You need a big enough bankroll to handle those swings in fortune without going broke.
The bigger your bankroll, the less likely you are to go broke before your edge and the long term kicks in.
This probability is called “risk of ruin.”
The most conservative approach is to have 1000 units to bet with. If you’re averaging $100 bets, you need a bankroll of $100,000 to play. If you have that kind of bankroll, your risk of ruin is just 1%.
On the other hand, if your tolerance for risk is better than that, you could get away with a much smaller bankroll—maybe 200 units. You’d still need $20,000, but you’d be able to play at that level. Your risk of ruin goes way up, though—to 40%.
I suggest to Texas holdem players that they know they’re good enough to move up in level when they can increase their bankroll to the appropriate amount for that new level. I think this recommendation holds true for blackjack players, too.
If you have $2000, you should be playing for an average of $10/hand. If you’re succeeding at that level, you’ll eventually have a bankroll of $4000, and you can move up to $20/hand, and so on.
How conservative or aggressive you are is up to you and your temperament.Conclusion
Blackjack probability is a fascinating subject with no end of subtopics you can discuss. I could just as easily have written about the probability of going bust with certain tables as I did with the approach I took. I just thought it would be more useful to tackle the subject of blackjack statistics from an aerial view.
Most people, frankly, aren’t cut out to be card counters. It sounds easier in theory than it is in practice. Blackjack in most casinos is fast-paced and confusing, especially if you’re new to the g
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*After accounting for the probability of a dealer blackjack, the ’grand total’ return is reported as -0.485 percent, or about one-half of one percent of your original bet for this set of playing rules.
*Blackjack Dealer Outcome Probabilities The dealer outcome probability charts on this page can be helpful in determining which of two tournament strategies is preferable. The values in these charts were calculated using a combinatorial analysis from a full deck after removing only the dealer’s upcard. How to use the charts.
*Odds Of Winning Blackjack
*Blackjack Probability ChartMathematical Studies Project
Probability of Blackjack
Content Page
Page
Statement of task 2
Introduction 3 - 4
Data collection 5 - 6
The four Blackjack strategies 7 - 15
Conclusion 16
Bibliography 17
Statement of Task
This project aims to investigate how mathematics works in one of the most popular card games in the world - Blackjack. It examines the probability in the Blackjack and how the use of mathematics can be…show more content…
Blackjack strategies
Strategy I Hit when the sum of the first two cards is less than the dealer’s upcard
Let x be the player’s sum of card values of the first two cards.
Let D be the dealer’s upcard(the second card).
If x < D, the player should always hit.
When x < D, it is obvious that x must be less than the dealer’s final value (covered card + upcard), given that the sum of the first two cards of the dealer is[pic]- no busting. Therefore, under this situation, the player must hit. Otherwise, his probability of winning is 0.
Strategy II Hit or Stand
If the hard total is 11 or less, the player should always hit. This is because no matter what card the player is getting, the total hand value will not exceed 21. By using the Hit ot Stand strategy, the house edge can be cut to as low as 2%.[1] Fig. 1 is the decision making chart when using this strategy.
Card | |A |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |J |Q |K | | |Real value |1 |11 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |10 |10 |10 | |A |1 |2 |12 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |11 |11 |11 | | |11 |12 |22 |13 |14 |15 |16 |17 |18 |19 |20 |21 |21 |21 |21 | |2 |2 |3 |13 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |12 |12 |12 | |3 |3 |4 |14 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |13 |13 |13 | |4 |4 |5 |15 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |14 |14 |14 |14 | |5 |5 |6 |16 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |13 |14on
To figure out the new house edge with a different blackjack rule, simply take the baseline blackjack house edge and then add or subtract the percentage above. There are loads more rules variants – the above are just a few common ones. For example, if you find a blackjack table that pays 6 to 5 on a blackjack (a “natural”), run away.
Blackjack probability is just like any other probability in the casino. It’s a means of measuring the likelihood of certain events. You’ll often see probabilities expressed as percentages, but they can be expressed as fractions or odds, too.
Blackjack statistics is a way of measuring your actual results and comparing them to your predicted results. In the long run, your actual results will start to resemble your predicted results. But in the short run, random chance will ensure that anything can happen.
That’s why some players have huge losing streaks, while others have big winning streaks. The casino doesn’t worry about this, because they’ve set up the games and the payouts in such a way that they’re ensured a profit in the long run. That’s a matter of expected value.Some Definitions Related to Probability and Expected Value
In fact, that’s probably the best way to introduce this blog post—with some definitions of some terms related to blackjack probability in general. That way you’ll be able to dig deeper into the main points of the post below.
Let’s start with the phrase “probability.” The word has 2 meanings. The first is that probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with the likelihood of an event occurring. The 2nd is more useful—probability also refers to an event’s likelihood.
Probability is measured numerically, and an event’s probability is always a number between 0 and 1. An event with a probability of 0 will never happen. An event with a probability of 1 will always happen.
An event with a probability of 50% will happen half the time, on average. 50% is one of the more common ways to express that probability, but you could also say that this event has a probability of 1/2 and still be correct. Another useful way to express probability is in odds format. That’s when you compare the number of ways something can’t happen with the number of ways it can happen. With a 50% probability, an event has “even odds,” or 1 to 1 odds.
Expressing probabilities as odds can be useful when trying to decide whether you have an edge or not. In most casinos, the games all have a built-in edge, but blackjack is exceptional in this respect. I’ll get into that a little later in this post.
Another important concept in gambling probability to understand is the concept of “expected value.” This is what a bet is “worth.” A bet’s expected value can be positive or negative, but if you’re a player in a casino, it’s almost always negative. The formula for expected value is simple, too:
You multiply the probability of winning by the amount you stand to win. You also multiply the probability of losing by the amount you stand to lose. You subtract one from the other, and you have the expected value of the bet.Odds Of Winning Blackjack
For example, if you have a 50% chance of winning $1, and you also have a 50% chance of losing $1, you have an expected value of 0. That bet is a break-even bet; over time, you won’t win any money at it or lose any money at it.
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But let’s say you have a 45% chance of winning $1, and you have a 55% chance of losing $1. Now your expected value looks quite different:
+$0.45 – $0.55 = -$0.10
This means that over time you’ll lose 10 cents every time you make this bet.
Almost all casino game bets have a negative expected value. You’ll either lose more often than you’ll win, or you’ll win too little when you win to break even, or some combination of these factors. That’s how casinos stay in business.
That’s also why gamblers walk away a winner. In the scenario outlined above, you can’t lose 10 cents on a single bet or even a series of 2 or 3 bets. You’re going to win or lose $1 on each hand.
The expected value is an average expected over the long run.
And the long run is longer than most people think.
That’s why the casino can afford to pay winners occasionally and still make a huge net profit overall.
“The house edge” is another way of looking at the expected value of a bet, but it’s only used to describe bets where the casino has an edge over the player.How the Casino Wins Consistently at Blackjack
You would think that the casino would have no edge in a game like blackjack. After all, the dealer is getting the same cards as the players. He has the same probability of being dealt a blackjack or going bust as a player.
The amazing thing about the house edge in casino games is that it’s usually a simple byproduct of the rules used by the casino for the game. For example, in roulette, the house gets an edge by paying off all the bets as if the 0 and the 00 weren’t on the wheel.
In blackjack, the house gets its edge by making the players resolve their actions and bets first before the dealer acts. In other words, you must make all your playing decisions before the dealer ever acts. This means that if you bust (get a total of 22 or higher), you automatically lose your bet—even if the dealer also goes bust. Since you acted first, and the dealer resolved your bust before having to play, the house has an advantage.’
This is a huge advantage made bigger by the fact that some players don’t play their hands optimally from a mathematical standpoint. In many cases, the best play is to stand on a hand which isn’t likely to win unless the dealer busts. A lot of players have trouble with this.
This advantage is so big for the casino that it can even afford to offer an extra high payout on some hands. In most casinos, a 2-card hand totaling 21 (a “blackjack” or “natural”) pays off at 3 to 2 odds. This means if you bet $100 and get a blackjack, you win $150.
The casinos can afford this bonus payout and still have a profitable mathematical edge over the player. This 3 to 2 payout is one of the reasons that smart players can get an edge over the casino, and I’ll have more to say about that later in this post.
Since there a finite number of cards in a blackjack deck, it’s possible to calculate the mathematically best play in every situation. This is called “basic strategy.” Computer programs analyze the potential results of every possible decision in every possible situation. The move with the highest expected value is the correct playing decision.
The average blackjack player loses an average of 5% of every bet he places at the blackjack table. The average blackjack player is playing with “common sense,” “hunches,” or just pure dumb instinct.
The smart blackjack player, though, memorizes and uses basic strategy in every situation. This reduces the house edge to less than 1%. Depending on the rules variations in effect at a specific blackjack table, the house edge might be significantly less than 0.5%.
But it doesn’t matter how low the house edge is. If the house has an edge over the player, if the player gambles long enough, he’ll eventually lose all his money. That’s how the casinos stay in business.
Blackjack, though, is different from almost every other game in the casino. It’s a game where a smart player with the right strategy can get an edge over the casino. This is beyond the abilities of most players, and even a lot of players who THINK they’re playing with an edge over the casino are mistaken.
I talk about why and how that is in the next section.How Probability in Blackjack Differs from Probability in Other Casino Games
The reason a strategic player can get an edge in blackjack is because as each card gets dealt, the composition of the deck as a whole changes. In any random shuffle of a 52-card deck, the cards might fall in any given pattern. But sometimes higher-value cards and lower-value cards are dispersed in the deck unevenly.
When I say “higher-value cards,” I means 10s and aces. Since these are the only cards that can create a blackjack—and the corresponding 3 to 2 payout—it’s better for the player if there are a relatively large number of these cards left in the deck.
“Lower-value cards,” on the other hand, increase your probability of going bust when you take a hit. They also make it harder to hit your 3 to 2 payout on the blackjack. If a deck has a relatively higher percentage of lower-value cards in it, the casino has a bigger edge than usual.
This might seem obvious, but think about it this way if it still isn’t clear:
You’re playing blackjack, and over the course of the 1st couple of hands, all 4 of the aces are dealt.
What is the probability of being dealt a natural after this?
Since you need a 10 AND an ace to get a natural, your probability of getting a natural drops to 0.
Here’s another way to think about it:
When you’re playing roulette or craps, the odds are the same on every outcome. That’s because the number of possible outcomes on a roulette wheel don’t change. You always have 38 numbers with an equal probability of coming up.
When you’re playing craps, those 2 dice have the same number of sides (6) every time you roll them.
You don’t eliminate a number from the roulette wheel once a ball has landed in that slot. You start over on the next spin.
You don’t eliminate a number from the sides of the dice just because it came up on the previous roll.
But when a card gets dealt in blackjack, it’s gone from the deck until the deck gets re-shuffled.
That changes the probabilities on every hand.How You Can Use This Information to Get an Edge over the Casino in Blackjack
If you could bet more when the deck has a higher ratio of 10s and aces and bet less when it doesn’t, you could get an edge over the casino. You’d be putting more money into action when you’re more likely to get a 3 to 2 payout.
And as it turns out, you CAN do exactly that.
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You’ve probably heard of “card counting.”
Unless you’ve read about it before, you probably think it’s beyond the capabilities of most mere mortals. Maybe you saw Rain Man as a teenager and think you need to be able to memorize every card as it’s played to succeed in counting cards.
But the truth is, anyone who can add and subtract 1 can count cards. Maintaining the level of concentration of keeping that count accurate while not looking like you’re counting is the real trick.
You don’t track specific cards when you’re counting cards in blackjack. You just track the ratio of high cards to low cards. You assign a value of -1 to the 10s and aces, for example. Then you assign a value of +1 to the 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, and 6s. The 7, 8, and 9 have a 0 value each.
When the running count is positive you bet more. The higher the count, the more you bet.
When the running count is 0, you bet less.
By doing this, you get a mathematical edge over the casino.Blackjack Probability Chart
You can also use the count to inform your basic strategy decisions. Basic strategy assumes a full 52-card deck, but once the ratios of cards change as the deck gets depleted, the playing decision with the highest expected value can change.
This can increase your edge over the house even further.
You don’t gain a huge edge over the casino through card counting, though. You usually wind up with an edge over the casino that’s close to the edge the casino has over the basic strategy players.
This means that you might be playing with an edge over the casino of 0.5% or 1%.
That’s not a huge edge.
But it’s big enough.Projecting Hourly Win Rates, Loss Rates, and Bankroll Requirements
How much does the average blackjack player lose per hour?
The formula is simple:
It’s the number of bets per hour, multiplied by the average size of those bets, multiplied by the house edge.
At an average blackjack player, you might see 80 hands per hour. Say you’re betting an average of $5 per hand, and you’re not using basic strategy, you’re looking at $400 in action per hour and losing 5% of that–$20/hour.
A basic strategy player, on the other hand, might reduce the house edge of 0.5%. This reduces his hourly loss rate to just $2/hour.
A card counter might be operating with a 1% edge over the house though. At the stakes we’re talking about, he’s winning $4/hour.
But consider this:
He’s raising the size of his bets based on the count, so his average bet size won’t be $5. It’ll probably be closer to $20.
Now we’re looking at $16/hour.
That’s not a great living, by the way. You can probably make the same money working at an In N Out Burger, in fact.
But as your bankroll grows, so does the average size of your bets. The people making real money counting cards might be putting $100 per hand into action on average. That’s $8000 per hour, or $80/hour in winnings.
$80/hour is some real money.
But one thing card counters need to think about is something called “risk of ruin.”
Remember how I talked about short term variance, and how you can’t expect long term expectations to hold true in the short term?
Just because you have an edge when counting cards doesn’t mean you’re going to show winnings every hour. You’re going to have wild swings of luck. That 1% edge is an average over thousands of hands.
You need a big enough bankroll to handle those swings in fortune without going broke.
The bigger your bankroll, the less likely you are to go broke before your edge and the long term kicks in.
This probability is called “risk of ruin.”
The most conservative approach is to have 1000 units to bet with. If you’re averaging $100 bets, you need a bankroll of $100,000 to play. If you have that kind of bankroll, your risk of ruin is just 1%.
On the other hand, if your tolerance for risk is better than that, you could get away with a much smaller bankroll—maybe 200 units. You’d still need $20,000, but you’d be able to play at that level. Your risk of ruin goes way up, though—to 40%.
I suggest to Texas holdem players that they know they’re good enough to move up in level when they can increase their bankroll to the appropriate amount for that new level. I think this recommendation holds true for blackjack players, too.
If you have $2000, you should be playing for an average of $10/hand. If you’re succeeding at that level, you’ll eventually have a bankroll of $4000, and you can move up to $20/hand, and so on.
How conservative or aggressive you are is up to you and your temperament.Conclusion
Blackjack probability is a fascinating subject with no end of subtopics you can discuss. I could just as easily have written about the probability of going bust with certain tables as I did with the approach I took. I just thought it would be more useful to tackle the subject of blackjack statistics from an aerial view.
Most people, frankly, aren’t cut out to be card counters. It sounds easier in theory than it is in practice. Blackjack in most casinos is fast-paced and confusing, especially if you’re new to the g
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Spanish Poker Festival Castellon
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Magdalena FestivalOfficial nameFira i Festes de la MagdalenaAlso calledMagdalena FestivalTypeLocalLocalizationCastellón de la PlanaBeginsThe third Saturday of LentEndsEight days after the start of the festivalDates of the festivalFebruary–March–April (depending on the year)PurposeCommemoration of the city’s origins and the move of the city from the Hill of Magdalena to the plain in 1251.Official site
The Magdalena Festival is the main festivity of Castellón de la Plana, the capital city of the province of Castelló, in the Valencian Community, Spain. It commemorates the origins of the city, recalling the move of the city from the Hill of Mary Magdalene to the fertile coastal plain in 1251.
This festival lasts for 9 days. It starts on the third Saturday of Lent and it was declared an Event of International Tourist Interest in 2010.[1]
Spanish Poker Festival Main Event - Day 2 - DE.
Magdalena FestivalOfficial nameFira i Festes de la MagdalenaAlso calledMagdalena FestivalTypeLocalLocalizationCastellón de la PlanaBeginsThe third Saturday of LentEndsEight days after the start of the festivalDates of the festivalFebruary–March–April (depending on the year)PurposeCommemoration of the city’s origins and the move of the city from the Hill of Magdalena to the plain in 1251.Official site
The Magdalena Festival is the main festivity of Castellón de la Plana, the capital city of the province of Castelló, in the Valencian Community, Spain. It commemorates the origins of the city, recalling the move of the city from the Hill of Mary Magdalene to the fertile coastal plain in 1251.
This festival lasts for 9 days. It starts on the third Saturday of Lent and it was declared an Event of International Tourist Interest in 2010.[1]
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Gateway Casino Restaurant Sarnia
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*Sarnia Casino Point Edward
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MATCH Eatery & Public House is a modern pub offering a classic menu with a contemporary twist. MATCH combines the welcoming and social traditions of a neighborhood pub, with the high-energy of a lively sports bar. The big game, family celebrations, or social gatherings with friends. Our casual and upbeat atmosphere is ideal for any occasion. Whatever your great night out looks like, we’ll match it with our creative comfort food, cold libations, and exciting entertainment. Enjoy the season on our spacious patio with its spectacular view overlooking the St. Clair River!
Pensacola Greyhound Track & Poker Room is open to the public seven days a week. Come in and enjoy all the fun and excitement, whether you’re watching the latest simulcast race or grabbing a chair for a few rounds of poker, there’s something here for everyone! And don’t forget to enjoy a bite to eat for breakfast, lunch or dinner. We’ve got something to satisfy your hunger no matter what time you arrive. Poker Rooms in Pensacola Beach on YP.com. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best Casinos in Pensacola Beach, FL. Pensacola Greyhound Track & Poker Room 951 Dog Track Rd Pensacola, FL 32506 850-456-9800 © 2020 Wind Creek Hospitality. Poker rooms pensacola florida. Pensacola Greyhound Track Poker Room. The poker room at Pensacola Greyhound Track features 25 tables with live action and tournaments 7 days a week, 24 hours on weekends. Look for great promotions on the Room’s web page or Facebook.2000 Venetian Blvd, Point Edward, ON N7T 8G4Sarnia Casino Point Edward
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Texas Holdem T Shirts
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Whether at the poker table, online poker or Texas Hold’em, if you are a real poker player you need the the only thing I fear is the river card I poker T-Shirt. With this T-shirt the poker nights at the casino become even more enjoyable. Texas Hold Em T-shirt FAQs. Discover texas hold em t-shirts that match your style and taste in the Zazzle t-shirt Marketplace. Just take a look at the imagination put into the texas hold em t-shirts above, all of them starting from prices as low as $19.20. If you want to get more creative, you can design your own t-shirt from scratch.
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So why do several men and women decide to wear a poker t shirt if taking part in? Only if a person live under some sort of rock, you are going in order to notice a good number of people anyone know, along with on TV, which proudly have in the or her poker shirts. There are a few of various uses people today would likely wear a good poker shirt about TV or perhaps at your own neighborhood casino Holdem poker event. In case you are some sort of die-hard Texas Hold em person, online or maybe traditional, there’s a good probability that you happen to be able to be sponsored by way of a texas holdem company.Online Texas Holdem
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Basic craps Statistics. One question I get asked a lot is ’what is the probability of a shooter lasting x rolls in craps?’ The following table answers that question for up to 50 rolls. The first column is the roll number. The second column is the probability of a seven-out on exactly that roll. Craps numbers probability.
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*Parking Space DetectionIntroduction
This was developed during one day and the algorithm is pretty stupid. Unfortunately the code is lost. However this is how it was done: 1. Perspective transfo.
Parking space is becoming a serious problem due to the day-by-day increase in number of vehicles on the road. In cities with large population, or in places where sports or artistic events are scheduled, we have probably all experienced driving around in circles looking for a parking space. Sometimes, it is very frustrating to find one space.
*Slot, label, and array sensors are specialty sensors designed to solve specific applications. Slot sensors detect objects that pass between the two arms – one with the emitter and the other with the receiver. The fixed slot width provides reliable opposed-mode sensing of objects as small as 0.30 mm.
*To detect parking slots with only one DCNN model, Zinelli et al. (2019) proposed an end-to-end DCNN model based on a faster region-based FIGURE 1 Overview of the parking slot detection method on.
*APPROACH TO DETECT OCCUPANCY The problem can be broken into two parts, detecting where the parking slots are located, and detecting if a slot is occupied. We can manually mark the areas of the parking lots, but this is a cumbersome process, which must be repeated each time we change the camera’s position.
*The parking slot marking detection stage recognizes various types of parking slot markings. The parking slot occupancy classification stage identifies vacancies of detected parking slots using ultrasonic sensor data. Parking slot occupancy is probabilistically calculated by treating each parking slot region as a single cell of the occupancy grid.
In order to combat this problem, few cities have implemented a so-called ’active parking lot management system’, which has the benefits of guiding drivers to open parking spaces, saving time costs associated with parking, efficient parking management, better traffic flow, reduced pollution and energy waste, etc.
Full parking situation
Parking occupancy detection
The key to active parking lot management is the reliable detection of available parking spaces. It is achieved by wireless sensor in every parking space, which can detect the presence of a car in the space and note the arrival/exit time of a vehicle. Parking lot statuses (occupied or idle) are detected and transmitted to a clould database. This information then be accessed by users through website or mobile APPs to receive real-time updates.
WiiHey has developed a parking lot sensor that is scarcely bigger than a mug cup in terms of its circumference and measures around about three centimeters in height. The sensors are installed in parking garages or on-street parking spaces. The special thing about this product is that the sensors operate wirelessly and are powered by batteries, which eliminates the effort and expense of having to lay cables.
The working principle of the sensor is an inside magnet-resistive sensor that measures the Earth’s magnetic field. As vehicles come within range of the sensor, changes in the surrounding magnetic field occur and are detected. Each sensor continually monitors the background magnetic field to establish a base reference, allowing self-calibration & self-learning so that it is able to differentiate parking events from other electromagnetic interferences.
Earth’s magnetic field changing caused by vehicles
Tech specs
*3-axis magnetic field detection sensor;
*Wireless communications network in NB-IoT and UNB-IoT (868/915MHz);
*Battery life for typical operations: over 5 years;
*Fully sealed with IP68 level protection;
*-32°C to 85°C operating temperature range;
Key features
*Magnetic technology for reliable detection of the occupancy of a parking lot;
*Wireless communication for ease of installation by eliminating civil works;
*Powered by long-life battery with minimal energy consumption of the hardwares;
*Easy integration with existing parking management front-end and back-end systems;
*High-quality, fully encapsulated, dirt resistant;
Benefits
*Live, real-time data on statuses of each and every parking lot;
*Enable driving guidance to available parking spaces, improving the traffic flow;
*Enable best use of available spaces by collecting comprehensive parking information;
*Enable advanced parking services like car locating, overstay reminder, cash-less payment (3 party softwares);
*Simplify parking for drivers, parking lot operators, traffic administrators, etc;
Architecture
The parking lot sensor uses narrow band (NB) IoT communications technology, which combines high transmission ranges of up to several kilometres in urban environments, with low power consumption. Data are then transmitted to cloud services across the IoT network for further processing and delivery into the end-user’s system.
System architecture
(Data transferring with third-part partners)
Hardware installation
Detailed information of parking lot sensor could be found here - WiiUNG Sensor.
Software
Remote parking space management system
Summery
WiiHey parking lot sensor is easy to install, low-maintenance in-ground vehicle detection sensors gather information on parking space occupancy statuses. The sensors feed data to cloud which can then be used for a range of third-party parking management systems. The data can be used to enable additional smart parking services such as integrated parking guidance, car locating or cash-less payment to further simplify the parking process.
Aim of the ProjectParking Slot Detection
Automatic car parking indicator system
General application and Description of the project
Nowadays in many multiplex systems there is a severe problem for car parking systems. There are many lanes for car parking, so to park a car one has to look for the all lanes. Moreover there is a lot of men labor involved for this process for which there is lot of investment. So the need is to develop a system which indicates directly which parking slot is vacant in any lane. The project involves a system including infrared transmitter and receiver in every lane and a LED display outside the car parking gate. So the person entering parking area can view the LED display and can decide which lane to enter so as to park the car.
Conventionally, car parking systems does not have any intelligent monitoring system. Parking lots are monitored by human beings. All vehicles enter into the parking and waste time for searching for parking slot. Sometimes it creates blockage. Condition become worse when there are multiple parking lanes and each lane have multiple parking slots. Use of automated system for car parking monitoring will reduce the human efforts. Display unit is installed on entrance of parking lot which will show LEDs for all Parking slot and for all parking lanes. Empty slot is indicated by the respective glowing LED.
Working of the circuit and image of the model Highest blackjack bet ever.
IR Sensors are placed inside the parking slot to detect the presence of the vehicle in slot. If the slot is not vacant then a red led will glow under the specified slot number at the entrance of the parking area or else green led will glow. The Arduino takes the data from the IR sensors and compares the received value with the threshold value and accordingly supplies power to the desired led.
Fig. 1: Cardboard Model of Advanced Parking System
Connection for the IR sensors
Fig. 2: Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor
Block Diagram
Fig. 3: Block Diagram of Advanced Parking System
Description of the Circuit
In circuit there are 3 IR sensors are used each at 3 parking slot. These IR sensors are connected to the pin A0, A1, A2 respectively. The led’s are connected at the Digital I/O pins i.e., pin 2 for RED1, pin 3 for GREEN1, pin 4 for RED2, pin 5 for GREEN2, pin6 for RED3 and pin 7 for GREEN3.
When the slot1 will be vacant then IR receiver will not receive any signal. Hence GREEN1 will glow. If any signal is received by the IR receiver then it will be compared to the threshold value and if it is more than the threshold value then RED1 will glow. This process will be similar to all other slots.
Components Required
1.) ARDUINO UNO
Fig. 4: Typical Image of Arduino Uno
2.) IR SENSORS
Fig. 5: Typical Image of IR Transmitters and Receivers
3.) LED RED AND GREEN
Fig. 6: Typical Image of Red LED
4.) Breadboard
Fig. 8: Typical Image of Breadboard
5.) Male-male wire
Fig. 9: Typical Image of Male-Male Wires
6.) Battery
Fig. 10: Typical Image of Battery
7.) Soldering Iron and Wire
Fig. 11: Typical Image of Soldering Iron and WireProject Source CodeParking Slot Detection Tool
Circuit DiagramsVision Based Parking Slot DetectionCircuit-Diagram-Advanced-Parking-SystemParking Space Detection
Register here: http://gg.gg/uj17e
https://diarynote.indered.space
*Parking Slot Detection
*Parking Slot Detection Tool
*Vision Based Parking Slot Detection
*Parking Space DetectionIntroduction
This was developed during one day and the algorithm is pretty stupid. Unfortunately the code is lost. However this is how it was done: 1. Perspective transfo.
Parking space is becoming a serious problem due to the day-by-day increase in number of vehicles on the road. In cities with large population, or in places where sports or artistic events are scheduled, we have probably all experienced driving around in circles looking for a parking space. Sometimes, it is very frustrating to find one space.
*Slot, label, and array sensors are specialty sensors designed to solve specific applications. Slot sensors detect objects that pass between the two arms – one with the emitter and the other with the receiver. The fixed slot width provides reliable opposed-mode sensing of objects as small as 0.30 mm.
*To detect parking slots with only one DCNN model, Zinelli et al. (2019) proposed an end-to-end DCNN model based on a faster region-based FIGURE 1 Overview of the parking slot detection method on.
*APPROACH TO DETECT OCCUPANCY The problem can be broken into two parts, detecting where the parking slots are located, and detecting if a slot is occupied. We can manually mark the areas of the parking lots, but this is a cumbersome process, which must be repeated each time we change the camera’s position.
*The parking slot marking detection stage recognizes various types of parking slot markings. The parking slot occupancy classification stage identifies vacancies of detected parking slots using ultrasonic sensor data. Parking slot occupancy is probabilistically calculated by treating each parking slot region as a single cell of the occupancy grid.
In order to combat this problem, few cities have implemented a so-called ’active parking lot management system’, which has the benefits of guiding drivers to open parking spaces, saving time costs associated with parking, efficient parking management, better traffic flow, reduced pollution and energy waste, etc.
Full parking situation
Parking occupancy detection
The key to active parking lot management is the reliable detection of available parking spaces. It is achieved by wireless sensor in every parking space, which can detect the presence of a car in the space and note the arrival/exit time of a vehicle. Parking lot statuses (occupied or idle) are detected and transmitted to a clould database. This information then be accessed by users through website or mobile APPs to receive real-time updates.
WiiHey has developed a parking lot sensor that is scarcely bigger than a mug cup in terms of its circumference and measures around about three centimeters in height. The sensors are installed in parking garages or on-street parking spaces. The special thing about this product is that the sensors operate wirelessly and are powered by batteries, which eliminates the effort and expense of having to lay cables.
The working principle of the sensor is an inside magnet-resistive sensor that measures the Earth’s magnetic field. As vehicles come within range of the sensor, changes in the surrounding magnetic field occur and are detected. Each sensor continually monitors the background magnetic field to establish a base reference, allowing self-calibration & self-learning so that it is able to differentiate parking events from other electromagnetic interferences.
Earth’s magnetic field changing caused by vehicles
Tech specs
*3-axis magnetic field detection sensor;
*Wireless communications network in NB-IoT and UNB-IoT (868/915MHz);
*Battery life for typical operations: over 5 years;
*Fully sealed with IP68 level protection;
*-32°C to 85°C operating temperature range;
Key features
*Magnetic technology for reliable detection of the occupancy of a parking lot;
*Wireless communication for ease of installation by eliminating civil works;
*Powered by long-life battery with minimal energy consumption of the hardwares;
*Easy integration with existing parking management front-end and back-end systems;
*High-quality, fully encapsulated, dirt resistant;
Benefits
*Live, real-time data on statuses of each and every parking lot;
*Enable driving guidance to available parking spaces, improving the traffic flow;
*Enable best use of available spaces by collecting comprehensive parking information;
*Enable advanced parking services like car locating, overstay reminder, cash-less payment (3 party softwares);
*Simplify parking for drivers, parking lot operators, traffic administrators, etc;
Architecture
The parking lot sensor uses narrow band (NB) IoT communications technology, which combines high transmission ranges of up to several kilometres in urban environments, with low power consumption. Data are then transmitted to cloud services across the IoT network for further processing and delivery into the end-user’s system.
System architecture
(Data transferring with third-part partners)
Hardware installation
Detailed information of parking lot sensor could be found here - WiiUNG Sensor.
Software
Remote parking space management system
Summery
WiiHey parking lot sensor is easy to install, low-maintenance in-ground vehicle detection sensors gather information on parking space occupancy statuses. The sensors feed data to cloud which can then be used for a range of third-party parking management systems. The data can be used to enable additional smart parking services such as integrated parking guidance, car locating or cash-less payment to further simplify the parking process.
Aim of the ProjectParking Slot Detection
Automatic car parking indicator system
General application and Description of the project
Nowadays in many multiplex systems there is a severe problem for car parking systems. There are many lanes for car parking, so to park a car one has to look for the all lanes. Moreover there is a lot of men labor involved for this process for which there is lot of investment. So the need is to develop a system which indicates directly which parking slot is vacant in any lane. The project involves a system including infrared transmitter and receiver in every lane and a LED display outside the car parking gate. So the person entering parking area can view the LED display and can decide which lane to enter so as to park the car.
Conventionally, car parking systems does not have any intelligent monitoring system. Parking lots are monitored by human beings. All vehicles enter into the parking and waste time for searching for parking slot. Sometimes it creates blockage. Condition become worse when there are multiple parking lanes and each lane have multiple parking slots. Use of automated system for car parking monitoring will reduce the human efforts. Display unit is installed on entrance of parking lot which will show LEDs for all Parking slot and for all parking lanes. Empty slot is indicated by the respective glowing LED.
Working of the circuit and image of the model Highest blackjack bet ever.
IR Sensors are placed inside the parking slot to detect the presence of the vehicle in slot. If the slot is not vacant then a red led will glow under the specified slot number at the entrance of the parking area or else green led will glow. The Arduino takes the data from the IR sensors and compares the received value with the threshold value and accordingly supplies power to the desired led.
Fig. 1: Cardboard Model of Advanced Parking System
Connection for the IR sensors
Fig. 2: Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor
Block Diagram
Fig. 3: Block Diagram of Advanced Parking System
Description of the Circuit
In circuit there are 3 IR sensors are used each at 3 parking slot. These IR sensors are connected to the pin A0, A1, A2 respectively. The led’s are connected at the Digital I/O pins i.e., pin 2 for RED1, pin 3 for GREEN1, pin 4 for RED2, pin 5 for GREEN2, pin6 for RED3 and pin 7 for GREEN3.
When the slot1 will be vacant then IR receiver will not receive any signal. Hence GREEN1 will glow. If any signal is received by the IR receiver then it will be compared to the threshold value and if it is more than the threshold value then RED1 will glow. This process will be similar to all other slots.
Components Required
1.) ARDUINO UNO
Fig. 4: Typical Image of Arduino Uno
2.) IR SENSORS
Fig. 5: Typical Image of IR Transmitters and Receivers
3.) LED RED AND GREEN
Fig. 6: Typical Image of Red LED
4.) Breadboard
Fig. 8: Typical Image of Breadboard
5.) Male-male wire
Fig. 9: Typical Image of Male-Male Wires
6.) Battery
Fig. 10: Typical Image of Battery
7.) Soldering Iron and Wire
Fig. 11: Typical Image of Soldering Iron and WireProject Source CodeParking Slot Detection Tool
Circuit DiagramsVision Based Parking Slot DetectionCircuit-Diagram-Advanced-Parking-SystemParking Space Detection
Register here: http://gg.gg/uj17e
https://diarynote.indered.space
Trixie Gambling Tower Level 1
2021年5月8日Register here: http://gg.gg/uj15g
Whether your dog is a couch potato or a bruiser, a pup or a senior, dog games and puzzles help to keep boredom at bay and mental alertness at peak.
*Trixie Gambling Tower Level 1
*Trixie Gambling Tower Level 100
*Trixie Gambling Tower Level 17
Brand: TRIXIE Pet Products Includes: Three (3) cones, three (3) drawers, tower, base, cap, non-slip rubber feet, booklet with tips and tricks for challenging and training dogs through play Name: Gambling Tower (Level 1). 13’; H X 9.75’; Diameter, Mentally stimulate your dog with our interactive dog gambling tower game. Tower with 3 drawers and additionally 3 cones to manuever treats out. Trixie Gambling Tower, Level 1. Size: Training Level 1Style: Gambling Tower Change. How are ratings calculated? See All Buying Options. Add to Wish List. Top positive review. See all 2,251 positive reviews ›.
Dog puzzle manufacturers often characterize the difficulty of the puzzles in levels: 1, 2, and 3. The levels of difficulty don’t necessarily coincide with a dog’s age, even though you should probably start your puppy at level 1. But just as our ability to perform, say crossword puzzles, rises and wains depending on how sharp, healthy, and mentally alert we feel on any given day or period of time, so too does a dog’s ability rise and wain from day to day and from year to year during his life. Once your dog masters the puzzle, put it away for a few months before you bring it out again; there will be some amount of re-learning required.
That’s why it’s good to hang on to all your pup’s puzzles throughout her life, so she can re-discover them during times when she needs a mental re-boot.
I want to make the distinction between slow feeders and dog puzzles. Slow feeder dishes or bowls (see 15 Ergonomic Pet Bowls & Feeders) are meant to contain a dog’s normal meal; any obstructions in the bowl are there simply to slow the dog down so he doesn’t get sick from eating too fast. While some may resemble puzzles in their design, they don’t attempt to hide the food. Dog puzzles use just a bit of food, usually a small treat or treats, and require the dog to do something special to obtain them; they are not intended to provide a meal. It always encourages a dog to play with her puzzle if she is hungry.
A Few Tips
*Make the treats special, different from what your dog eats at mealtime, so he’ll be more interested in playing.
*Play with one dog at a time to keep dogs from fighting with each other over the toy or the treats.
Here are some of the most fun, challenging, sturdy and highly-rated dog puzzles at each difficulty level for your perusal.Challenge Level 1 Dog Puzzles
Level 1 dog puzzles, as you probably guessed require the most simple actions of a dog to obtain a treat. Many of the Level 1 puzzles are balls that contain a number of treats and require that your dog push the ball until an opening in the ball releases the treat. Some require other simple actions, like manipulating the toy with a paw or pulling a treat out of a ridge or hole in the puzzle. Here I have chosen the most challenging Level 1 puzzles.1. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1: Kong Wobbler Treat Dispensing Toy
Kong Wobbler Treat Dispensing Toy
While many Level 1 gaming toys for dogs are round, making it almost too easy for a dog to obtain treats from them, the Kong Wobbler really needs to be manipulated beyond rolling, making it more stimulating and more fun for your dog. As a matter of fact, the Wobbler makes the world more fun for dogs at any level of gaming! The Wobbler twists apart so you can fill it with kibble or other very small treats. Then just leave in on the floor for your dog. You may want to throw it for her to catch, but the idea it for her to push it around. Customers say the small size is good enough for their medium and large pets, but make sure it’s not too small for an extra large dog!RSPCA Queensland2. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1: Trixie Gambling Tower
Trixie Gambling Tower
I know this looks like a playground for a small animal, and maybe it could be used as one, but the Trixie Gambling Tower is a very smart dog toy for a Level 1 challenge. Believe me, it’s for dogs. Watch...3. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1: Nina Ottosson Treat Dispensing Dog Smart Brain Game
Nina Ottosson Treat Dispensing Dog Smart Brain Game
This Dog Smart Brain Game was designed by Nina Ottosson, the ’godmother’ of . Manufactured by Outward Hound, this Brain Game is made of a composite material to look and feel like wood. Your dog can certainly push this around like a ball, but it won’t get him any treats. He’ll need to develop his lifting skills to get these babies!
This video of a similar Ottosson toy, shown on YouTube, will show you how challenging it is for a Level 1 dog puzzle. You can see that lifting requires a new mindset for a dog.Level 2 Dog Puzzles
Level 2 dog puzzles generally require more than one behavior from your dog gamer. It might require sliding one part of the puzzle to find the treat, and stomping on another part to get the treat, for example. Level 2, as you can guess, is an intermediate challenge to your dog.4. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1 & 2: Trixie Game Bone
Trixie Game Bone: Level 1
This nifty challenger has two sides providing stimulation for dogs at Level 1 (beige side shown above) on one side and Level 2 (black side shown below) on the other. And I bet if you keep the Trixie Game Bone around when your pup graduates to Level 3, he’ll still get joy by coming back to it after a few months at the hard stuff. The Trixie Game Bone involves sliders and removable pegs, which can be used separately or together for more challenge. Additionally, of course, you can vary where the treats are placed to give pups more challenge.
Trixie Game Bone: Level 2
Watch this pup take on the Trixie Game Bone..5. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 2: Trixie Dog Activity Flip Board
Trixie Gambling Tower Level 1
Trixie Dog Activity Flip Board
A very popular Trixie puzzle, the Dog Activity Flip Board involves three different movements: lifting whole objects straight up off the frame, sliding buttons, and raising lids from an angle using a knob. The company suggests that you can mix up treats and selectively fill the food cavities so some areas have treats contained and others don’t. This can help refine your dog’s sense of smell.6. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 2: Trixie Mad Scientist Puzzle For Dogs
Trixie Mad Scientist Puzzle For Dogs
Here is another dog puzzle that is more difficult than it looks. The Trixie Mad Scientist Puzzle requires that your dog tip the vials upside down so that they will dispense treats when they tip. Not that easy though. First there are different tops for the vials which have various sizes and numbers of holes. In fact, they require not only tipping but various tipping movement and different levels of energy to make the treats fall out. You can see its action in the Trixie video here, as I am unable to transfer it to this page.Level 3 Dog Puzzles
When your dog can conquer Levels 1 and 2 puzzles, no problem, it’s time to step up to Level 3. (Remember to keep the other puzzles for variety later in your pup’s life.) Level 3 has more than two required behaviors to get at treats. Slide, lift, twist, pull.. you name it, these dog puzzle toys have it. Just remember, they need treats hidden in them to encourage your dog to solve the puzzles.7. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 3: The Busy Buddy Jack Puzzle Toy
Greektown casino restaurants detroit mi.Busy Buddy Jack Puzzle Toy
The Busy Buddy Toys are great puzzles for dogs who love to chew. Made by Pet Safe, the Busy Buddy Jack Puzzle comes with its own brand of rawhide treatsthat fit easily into the puzzle. Hmm. Guess you’ll have to refresh them (here). Level 3 demands a bit of twisting, chewing, and pulling on the Jack puzzle. Dog parents love this toy as a cure for boredom and an acceptable chew device, but warn that even though the Jack Puzzle comes in three sizes, dogs that are 10 - 15 pounds may not be able to chew hard enough to manage the toy. The company does warn customers not to give the toy to dogs under 6 months of age. (You need some mature teeth for this Jack).
Active Dog Toys (video above) says you don’t have to worry about your pup scarfing up the treats - as the Jack is a Level 3 puzzles, the treats are not that accessible!8. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 3: Nina Ottosson Dog Casino Puzzle Toy
Highest blackjack bet ever.
Nina Ottosson Dog Casino Puzzle Toy
Deceptively simple-looking, the Dog Casino involves first lifting a 2 inch dog bone and then pulling out the corresponding treat drawer. Dog parents are really positive about the Dog Casino, many saying it keeps their dogs occupied for hours at a time. I’d get some really tasty items for this puzzle. Use dry food though - easier to clean the toy.
You can watch ’Saki’ here who has managed to master the Casino Puzzle, but the video is almost 4 minutes long. At any rate, you can see what a master Casino dog looks like! (Saki makes this look easy; I can tell you it’s not!)9. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 3: Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Squeaky Puzzle Toy
Finally, one of the most popular and loved dog puzzles ever, the Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Squeaky Puzzle Toy! The Hide-A-Squirrel Ginormous Size, seen here, is a Level 3 dog puzzle, but there are actually Level 1 - 2 squeaky animal toy puzzles at the same link, featuring birds, bees, hedgehogs and, of course, squirrels, all hiding in their ’natural’ environments. (See some Kyjen’s smaller puzzles here.) The challenges are to remove all the squeaky toys before finding the yummy treat inside their environments. The toys are pretty sturdy, good for all size dogs, but if you’ve got a destroyer, choose one of the harder surface puzzles.
I don’t think this little gal even has a treat hidden in her Hide-A-Squirrel, but she has the most fun with the squirrels!Trixie Gambling Tower Level 100
Yup, you’re going to have so much fun watching your dog learning to solve her puzzles.. Puzzles are fun, stimulating, and a cure for boredom. Get some for your dog and let her get her groove back!
That’s the buzz for today!
Lady Bee
And that’s exactly what The River Buffet excels at. You don’t have to decide. From American classics, Mexican fare and brunch to all-you-can-eat crab legs and perfectly carved ribs, you can have a taste of it. Ameristar casino crab leg buffet. Add a pound of Crab Legs at any dinner for $12.95. The Best Buffet in St. Louis Visit each station and discover delicious food at each. See businesses at this location. 3000 S River Rd. Seafood Market Buffet. Dinner: 4 PM to 10 PM - $27.99. Crab Legs, Carved Salmon, Mussels & Clams Cioppino, Basil Crab Party Potatoes, Shrimp Scampi, Battered Cod & Shrimp. Saturday: Breakfast: 7 AM to 10:30 AM - $12.99. Lunch: 11 AM to 2 PM - $14.99. Dinner: 4 PM to 10 PM - $24.99.Trixie Gambling Tower Level 17
Related reads:
Kygen’s Interactive Toys Appeal To A Dog’s Hunting Instincts,
Register here: http://gg.gg/uj15g
https://diarynote.indered.space
Whether your dog is a couch potato or a bruiser, a pup or a senior, dog games and puzzles help to keep boredom at bay and mental alertness at peak.
*Trixie Gambling Tower Level 1
*Trixie Gambling Tower Level 100
*Trixie Gambling Tower Level 17
Brand: TRIXIE Pet Products Includes: Three (3) cones, three (3) drawers, tower, base, cap, non-slip rubber feet, booklet with tips and tricks for challenging and training dogs through play Name: Gambling Tower (Level 1). 13’; H X 9.75’; Diameter, Mentally stimulate your dog with our interactive dog gambling tower game. Tower with 3 drawers and additionally 3 cones to manuever treats out. Trixie Gambling Tower, Level 1. Size: Training Level 1Style: Gambling Tower Change. How are ratings calculated? See All Buying Options. Add to Wish List. Top positive review. See all 2,251 positive reviews ›.
Dog puzzle manufacturers often characterize the difficulty of the puzzles in levels: 1, 2, and 3. The levels of difficulty don’t necessarily coincide with a dog’s age, even though you should probably start your puppy at level 1. But just as our ability to perform, say crossword puzzles, rises and wains depending on how sharp, healthy, and mentally alert we feel on any given day or period of time, so too does a dog’s ability rise and wain from day to day and from year to year during his life. Once your dog masters the puzzle, put it away for a few months before you bring it out again; there will be some amount of re-learning required.
That’s why it’s good to hang on to all your pup’s puzzles throughout her life, so she can re-discover them during times when she needs a mental re-boot.
I want to make the distinction between slow feeders and dog puzzles. Slow feeder dishes or bowls (see 15 Ergonomic Pet Bowls & Feeders) are meant to contain a dog’s normal meal; any obstructions in the bowl are there simply to slow the dog down so he doesn’t get sick from eating too fast. While some may resemble puzzles in their design, they don’t attempt to hide the food. Dog puzzles use just a bit of food, usually a small treat or treats, and require the dog to do something special to obtain them; they are not intended to provide a meal. It always encourages a dog to play with her puzzle if she is hungry.
A Few Tips
*Make the treats special, different from what your dog eats at mealtime, so he’ll be more interested in playing.
*Play with one dog at a time to keep dogs from fighting with each other over the toy or the treats.
Here are some of the most fun, challenging, sturdy and highly-rated dog puzzles at each difficulty level for your perusal.Challenge Level 1 Dog Puzzles
Level 1 dog puzzles, as you probably guessed require the most simple actions of a dog to obtain a treat. Many of the Level 1 puzzles are balls that contain a number of treats and require that your dog push the ball until an opening in the ball releases the treat. Some require other simple actions, like manipulating the toy with a paw or pulling a treat out of a ridge or hole in the puzzle. Here I have chosen the most challenging Level 1 puzzles.1. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1: Kong Wobbler Treat Dispensing Toy
Kong Wobbler Treat Dispensing Toy
While many Level 1 gaming toys for dogs are round, making it almost too easy for a dog to obtain treats from them, the Kong Wobbler really needs to be manipulated beyond rolling, making it more stimulating and more fun for your dog. As a matter of fact, the Wobbler makes the world more fun for dogs at any level of gaming! The Wobbler twists apart so you can fill it with kibble or other very small treats. Then just leave in on the floor for your dog. You may want to throw it for her to catch, but the idea it for her to push it around. Customers say the small size is good enough for their medium and large pets, but make sure it’s not too small for an extra large dog!RSPCA Queensland2. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1: Trixie Gambling Tower
Trixie Gambling Tower
I know this looks like a playground for a small animal, and maybe it could be used as one, but the Trixie Gambling Tower is a very smart dog toy for a Level 1 challenge. Believe me, it’s for dogs. Watch...3. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1: Nina Ottosson Treat Dispensing Dog Smart Brain Game
Nina Ottosson Treat Dispensing Dog Smart Brain Game
This Dog Smart Brain Game was designed by Nina Ottosson, the ’godmother’ of . Manufactured by Outward Hound, this Brain Game is made of a composite material to look and feel like wood. Your dog can certainly push this around like a ball, but it won’t get him any treats. He’ll need to develop his lifting skills to get these babies!
This video of a similar Ottosson toy, shown on YouTube, will show you how challenging it is for a Level 1 dog puzzle. You can see that lifting requires a new mindset for a dog.Level 2 Dog Puzzles
Level 2 dog puzzles generally require more than one behavior from your dog gamer. It might require sliding one part of the puzzle to find the treat, and stomping on another part to get the treat, for example. Level 2, as you can guess, is an intermediate challenge to your dog.4. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 1 & 2: Trixie Game Bone
Trixie Game Bone: Level 1
This nifty challenger has two sides providing stimulation for dogs at Level 1 (beige side shown above) on one side and Level 2 (black side shown below) on the other. And I bet if you keep the Trixie Game Bone around when your pup graduates to Level 3, he’ll still get joy by coming back to it after a few months at the hard stuff. The Trixie Game Bone involves sliders and removable pegs, which can be used separately or together for more challenge. Additionally, of course, you can vary where the treats are placed to give pups more challenge.
Trixie Game Bone: Level 2
Watch this pup take on the Trixie Game Bone..5. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 2: Trixie Dog Activity Flip Board
Trixie Gambling Tower Level 1
Trixie Dog Activity Flip Board
A very popular Trixie puzzle, the Dog Activity Flip Board involves three different movements: lifting whole objects straight up off the frame, sliding buttons, and raising lids from an angle using a knob. The company suggests that you can mix up treats and selectively fill the food cavities so some areas have treats contained and others don’t. This can help refine your dog’s sense of smell.6. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 2: Trixie Mad Scientist Puzzle For Dogs
Trixie Mad Scientist Puzzle For Dogs
Here is another dog puzzle that is more difficult than it looks. The Trixie Mad Scientist Puzzle requires that your dog tip the vials upside down so that they will dispense treats when they tip. Not that easy though. First there are different tops for the vials which have various sizes and numbers of holes. In fact, they require not only tipping but various tipping movement and different levels of energy to make the treats fall out. You can see its action in the Trixie video here, as I am unable to transfer it to this page.Level 3 Dog Puzzles
When your dog can conquer Levels 1 and 2 puzzles, no problem, it’s time to step up to Level 3. (Remember to keep the other puzzles for variety later in your pup’s life.) Level 3 has more than two required behaviors to get at treats. Slide, lift, twist, pull.. you name it, these dog puzzle toys have it. Just remember, they need treats hidden in them to encourage your dog to solve the puzzles.7. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 3: The Busy Buddy Jack Puzzle Toy
Greektown casino restaurants detroit mi.Busy Buddy Jack Puzzle Toy
The Busy Buddy Toys are great puzzles for dogs who love to chew. Made by Pet Safe, the Busy Buddy Jack Puzzle comes with its own brand of rawhide treatsthat fit easily into the puzzle. Hmm. Guess you’ll have to refresh them (here). Level 3 demands a bit of twisting, chewing, and pulling on the Jack puzzle. Dog parents love this toy as a cure for boredom and an acceptable chew device, but warn that even though the Jack Puzzle comes in three sizes, dogs that are 10 - 15 pounds may not be able to chew hard enough to manage the toy. The company does warn customers not to give the toy to dogs under 6 months of age. (You need some mature teeth for this Jack).
Active Dog Toys (video above) says you don’t have to worry about your pup scarfing up the treats - as the Jack is a Level 3 puzzles, the treats are not that accessible!8. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 3: Nina Ottosson Dog Casino Puzzle Toy
Highest blackjack bet ever.
Nina Ottosson Dog Casino Puzzle Toy
Deceptively simple-looking, the Dog Casino involves first lifting a 2 inch dog bone and then pulling out the corresponding treat drawer. Dog parents are really positive about the Dog Casino, many saying it keeps their dogs occupied for hours at a time. I’d get some really tasty items for this puzzle. Use dry food though - easier to clean the toy.
You can watch ’Saki’ here who has managed to master the Casino Puzzle, but the video is almost 4 minutes long. At any rate, you can see what a master Casino dog looks like! (Saki makes this look easy; I can tell you it’s not!)9. Dog Gaming Challenge Level 3: Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Squeaky Puzzle Toy
Finally, one of the most popular and loved dog puzzles ever, the Outward Hound Hide-A-Squirrel Squeaky Puzzle Toy! The Hide-A-Squirrel Ginormous Size, seen here, is a Level 3 dog puzzle, but there are actually Level 1 - 2 squeaky animal toy puzzles at the same link, featuring birds, bees, hedgehogs and, of course, squirrels, all hiding in their ’natural’ environments. (See some Kyjen’s smaller puzzles here.) The challenges are to remove all the squeaky toys before finding the yummy treat inside their environments. The toys are pretty sturdy, good for all size dogs, but if you’ve got a destroyer, choose one of the harder surface puzzles.
I don’t think this little gal even has a treat hidden in her Hide-A-Squirrel, but she has the most fun with the squirrels!Trixie Gambling Tower Level 100
Yup, you’re going to have so much fun watching your dog learning to solve her puzzles.. Puzzles are fun, stimulating, and a cure for boredom. Get some for your dog and let her get her groove back!
That’s the buzz for today!
Lady Bee
And that’s exactly what The River Buffet excels at. You don’t have to decide. From American classics, Mexican fare and brunch to all-you-can-eat crab legs and perfectly carved ribs, you can have a taste of it. Ameristar casino crab leg buffet. Add a pound of Crab Legs at any dinner for $12.95. The Best Buffet in St. Louis Visit each station and discover delicious food at each. See businesses at this location. 3000 S River Rd. Seafood Market Buffet. Dinner: 4 PM to 10 PM - $27.99. Crab Legs, Carved Salmon, Mussels & Clams Cioppino, Basil Crab Party Potatoes, Shrimp Scampi, Battered Cod & Shrimp. Saturday: Breakfast: 7 AM to 10:30 AM - $12.99. Lunch: 11 AM to 2 PM - $14.99. Dinner: 4 PM to 10 PM - $24.99.Trixie Gambling Tower Level 17
Related reads:
Kygen’s Interactive Toys Appeal To A Dog’s Hunting Instincts,
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Poker Rooms Pensacola Florida
2021年5月8日Register here: http://gg.gg/uj13u
One Card Poker is the fastest, simplest table game to learn and play. Melbourne Greyhound Park and Club 52 Poker Room are committed to ensuring this web site is accessible to all. We are committed to continuously improving the web site to better adhere to ADA accessibility guidelines. FL 32935; 321-259-9800 ©2020. Pensacola Greyhound Track: The only poker room in The area - See 42 traveler reviews, 3 candid photos, and great deals for Pensacola, FL, at Tripadvisor. Pensacola Greyhound Track & Poker Room is open to the public seven days a week. Come in and enjoy all the fun and excitement, whether you’re watching the latest simulcast race or grabbing a chair for a few rounds of poker, there’s something here for everyone! And don’t forget to enjoy a bite to eat for breakfast, lunch or dinner. We’ve got something to satisfy your hunger no matter what time you arrive.
Recently, Florida has become one of the major players when it comes to gambling, and especially poker. Surely, this growth will continue this year. In Florida, you can find as many casinos, poker rooms, dog tracks, racinos as you like. Like it is the case with the most states in the US, poker in Florida is approved on International waters, near race tracks, on Indian reservations, and jai alai frontons. Some people would agree that Florida has messy regulations about gambling, but it is what it is.
Proper poker rooms can be found in towns such as Palm Beach, Miami, and Ft. Lauderdale and their surroundings. You can find more than ten poker rooms. The most notable ones are Palm Beach Kennel Club, Hialeah Park, and Seminole Hard Rock. In these rooms, you can find more than 350 tables, which is a pretty high number. The number of 350 is the third-largest number of poker tables per state, it is behind only Nevada and California.
Also, you can enlist for a great number of daily tournaments and usual places where national tournaments are held. Here you can find poker rooms for anybody`s poket, from big dogs to the common who just want to have some fun. It is important to point out again that Florida`s gambling industry is only going to rise in the years to come, so we can expect many more from it in the future. Now we are going to present you with some of the best poker rooms you can visit when you are on your holiday in Florida.Derby Lane Poker Room
The Derby Lane is located in a town called St. Petersburg in Florida. Yes, its called like Russian historic capital city. It has 50 poker tables, and it is open during the week, from 9 am to 3 am from Monday to Thursday. At Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, it works for 24 hours. It is located on the greyhound racetrack called the Derby Lane, near the food court called Gallery Lounge.Oxford Downs Poker Room
Oxford Downs poker room is located in the town called Summerfield, Florida. Her you can play Texas Hold`em, Omaha Hi-Lo, and classic Omaha. It has both self-parking and street parking. Also, it is located near Summerfield hotels, you can spend your night in. Also, you can choose to play a plethora of different games, like roulette, blackjack, slots, etc.Poker Rooms Pensacola Florida BeachEbro Greyhound Park and Poker Room
Ebro Greyhound is located in a town called Ebro, Florida. Greyhound is open during the years, 24 hours, seven hours a day. This poker room consists of 25 tables. Here you have all the comfort you need that will make your stay enjoyable.
Besides poker, you can have lunch at a restaurant, or you can order from a drink and foodservice. Free wildlife slots online real money. Here you can play Crazy Pineapple, Texas Hold`em, Omaha Hi-Lo, Three-card poker, Omaha, Double-hand poker, etc. Ebro Greyhound is a perfect place for both novices and pro player, like those you see on TV.Poker Rooms Pensacola Florida Gulf Coast
Creek Entertainment Gretna is open to the public seven days a week. Come in and enjoy all the fun and excitement, whether you’re watching the latest simulcast race LIVE or grabbing a chair for a few rounds of poker, there’s something here for everyone! And don’t forget to enjoy a bite to eat for breakfast, lunch or dinner. We’ve got something to satisfy your hunger no matter what time you arrive.Poker Tables & Promotions
If you’re looking for poker action, we’ve got lots of poker excitement.
Greektown casino restaurants detroit mi. Dining At Greektown Casino-Hotel you’ll discover a wide selection of dining options and a variety of bars. From the curated collection of culinary experiences inside Monroe Market to the elegant Prism, you are sure to find the ideal restaurant for whatever suits your taste. Detroit, MI 48226. If you’re looking for a top-flight dining experience right in the heart of the action at Greektown, look no further than Prism. Winner of the Best Steakhouse award from HOUR Detroit Magazine, Prism delivers a sensory overload from appetizer through dessert thanks to our award-winning dishes, renowned musical accompaniment, and stylish, tasteful decor combined with a perfect view of the.Simulcast RacingPoker Rooms Pensacola Florida On The Beach
We have simulcast racing every day. Settle into a chair and place your bets on daily Greyhound, Horse and Jai Alai.
Register here: http://gg.gg/uj13u
https://diarynote.indered.space
One Card Poker is the fastest, simplest table game to learn and play. Melbourne Greyhound Park and Club 52 Poker Room are committed to ensuring this web site is accessible to all. We are committed to continuously improving the web site to better adhere to ADA accessibility guidelines. FL 32935; 321-259-9800 ©2020. Pensacola Greyhound Track: The only poker room in The area - See 42 traveler reviews, 3 candid photos, and great deals for Pensacola, FL, at Tripadvisor. Pensacola Greyhound Track & Poker Room is open to the public seven days a week. Come in and enjoy all the fun and excitement, whether you’re watching the latest simulcast race or grabbing a chair for a few rounds of poker, there’s something here for everyone! And don’t forget to enjoy a bite to eat for breakfast, lunch or dinner. We’ve got something to satisfy your hunger no matter what time you arrive.
Recently, Florida has become one of the major players when it comes to gambling, and especially poker. Surely, this growth will continue this year. In Florida, you can find as many casinos, poker rooms, dog tracks, racinos as you like. Like it is the case with the most states in the US, poker in Florida is approved on International waters, near race tracks, on Indian reservations, and jai alai frontons. Some people would agree that Florida has messy regulations about gambling, but it is what it is.
Proper poker rooms can be found in towns such as Palm Beach, Miami, and Ft. Lauderdale and their surroundings. You can find more than ten poker rooms. The most notable ones are Palm Beach Kennel Club, Hialeah Park, and Seminole Hard Rock. In these rooms, you can find more than 350 tables, which is a pretty high number. The number of 350 is the third-largest number of poker tables per state, it is behind only Nevada and California.
Also, you can enlist for a great number of daily tournaments and usual places where national tournaments are held. Here you can find poker rooms for anybody`s poket, from big dogs to the common who just want to have some fun. It is important to point out again that Florida`s gambling industry is only going to rise in the years to come, so we can expect many more from it in the future. Now we are going to present you with some of the best poker rooms you can visit when you are on your holiday in Florida.Derby Lane Poker Room
The Derby Lane is located in a town called St. Petersburg in Florida. Yes, its called like Russian historic capital city. It has 50 poker tables, and it is open during the week, from 9 am to 3 am from Monday to Thursday. At Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, it works for 24 hours. It is located on the greyhound racetrack called the Derby Lane, near the food court called Gallery Lounge.Oxford Downs Poker Room
Oxford Downs poker room is located in the town called Summerfield, Florida. Her you can play Texas Hold`em, Omaha Hi-Lo, and classic Omaha. It has both self-parking and street parking. Also, it is located near Summerfield hotels, you can spend your night in. Also, you can choose to play a plethora of different games, like roulette, blackjack, slots, etc.Poker Rooms Pensacola Florida BeachEbro Greyhound Park and Poker Room
Ebro Greyhound is located in a town called Ebro, Florida. Greyhound is open during the years, 24 hours, seven hours a day. This poker room consists of 25 tables. Here you have all the comfort you need that will make your stay enjoyable.
Besides poker, you can have lunch at a restaurant, or you can order from a drink and foodservice. Free wildlife slots online real money. Here you can play Crazy Pineapple, Texas Hold`em, Omaha Hi-Lo, Three-card poker, Omaha, Double-hand poker, etc. Ebro Greyhound is a perfect place for both novices and pro player, like those you see on TV.Poker Rooms Pensacola Florida Gulf Coast
Creek Entertainment Gretna is open to the public seven days a week. Come in and enjoy all the fun and excitement, whether you’re watching the latest simulcast race LIVE or grabbing a chair for a few rounds of poker, there’s something here for everyone! And don’t forget to enjoy a bite to eat for breakfast, lunch or dinner. We’ve got something to satisfy your hunger no matter what time you arrive.Poker Tables & Promotions
If you’re looking for poker action, we’ve got lots of poker excitement.
Greektown casino restaurants detroit mi. Dining At Greektown Casino-Hotel you’ll discover a wide selection of dining options and a variety of bars. From the curated collection of culinary experiences inside Monroe Market to the elegant Prism, you are sure to find the ideal restaurant for whatever suits your taste. Detroit, MI 48226. If you’re looking for a top-flight dining experience right in the heart of the action at Greektown, look no further than Prism. Winner of the Best Steakhouse award from HOUR Detroit Magazine, Prism delivers a sensory overload from appetizer through dessert thanks to our award-winning dishes, renowned musical accompaniment, and stylish, tasteful decor combined with a perfect view of the.Simulcast RacingPoker Rooms Pensacola Florida On The Beach
We have simulcast racing every day. Settle into a chair and place your bets on daily Greyhound, Horse and Jai Alai.
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Craps Numbers
2021年5月8日Register here: http://gg.gg/uj11w
The ‘5 Count Craps Strategy’ was initially developed by Dr. Don Catlin, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Massachusetts and was later given prominence by Frank Scoblete, a professional craps player.
The 5-Count Strategy is used on random rollers at the craps table to ‘qualify the shooter’ to determine if you’re going to place any bets during his/her roll.
The strategy is based on the studies that indicate that 57% of shooters will not make it past the 5-Count without tossing a (7), and therefore protects you from losing money on short rolls and Point 7-Outs when the table is choppy or cold.
In contrast the number 2 can only be rolled one way with two dice: 1+1. Because the number six offers greater odds of coming up (since there are so many ways to roll a six in online craps), it doesn’t pay out as much as numbers like two which have lesser odds of being rolled. Any Craps Bet Any craps, also known as Three Way, is a type of bet where the player wagers that the shooter will roll a 2, 3 or 12. These numbers are known as ’craps’ and they appear quite infrequently and have a low probability of winning. Basically, if the dice lands on either 2, 3 or 12, the player will win on any of these numbers. Craps numbers are 2, 3, and 12. These usually are bad news, depending on the bet. A right bettor is a person betting on the pass line. A wrong bettor is someone who bets against the rest of the table by betting on the don’t pass line. Betting terms like parlay are the same as in other casino games. For example, you can see on our craps probability chart that the most common number to come up after a dice roll is a seven. This is the reason that most craps professionals will recommend the pass line as the smartest bet you can make when formulating a solid craps strategy. All other numbers lose. L) Two Craps or Aces: If 2 is rolled, you win and are paid 7 to 1. All other numbers lose. M) Twelve Craps or Two Sixes: If 12 is rolled, you win and are paid 30 to 1. All other numbers lose. N) Three Craps or Ace-Deuce: If 3 rolls you win and are paid 15 to 1. All other numbers lose.
While there is some merit to their conclusions when you look at ‘mean distributions’ of dice rolls, keep in mind that regardless of whether it is the shooter’s 3rd roll or 23rd roll, they still have a ‘1 in 6’ chance of tossing a (7).
What the strategy does do, is keep you, and your bankroll, longer by not losing money on ‘short roll’ random rollers, and hopefully you’ll still be at the table when the shooter or table heats up.
Keep in mind that no strategy or system can change the house edge (casino advantage) of any bet at the craps tables, the 5-Count Strategy can help you and your bankroll play and stay at the tables longer.
HOW THE 5 COUNT STRATEGY WORKS
Greektown casino restaurants detroit mi. Dining At Greektown Casino-Hotel you’ll discover a wide selection of dining options and a variety of bars. From the curated collection of culinary experiences inside Monroe Market to the elegant Prism, you are sure to find the ideal restaurant for whatever suits your taste. Detroit, MI 48226. If you’re looking for a top-flight dining experience right in the heart of the action at Greektown, look no further than Prism. Winner of the Best Steakhouse award from HOUR Detroit Magazine, Prism delivers a sensory overload from appetizer through dessert thanks to our award-winning dishes, renowned musical accompaniment, and stylish, tasteful decor combined with a perfect view of the.
When a new shooter takes the dice…
*Count 1 starts when the shooter throws their first ‘box number’ (4, 5, 6, 8, 9 or 10). Any other number thrown (2, 3, 11, 12) does not start the count.
*Counts 2, 3 and 4 include any number thrown, including craps numbers.
*Count 5 requires a ‘box number’ to be thrown again (4, 5, 6, 8, 9 or 10) to qualify.
*Anytime a 7 is thrown, the count starts over.
Let’s take a look at the rolls and count in action;
*Shooter gets the dice and starts his/her rolls.
*( 3 ) Count = 0– The count doesn’t start until a box number is hit
*(11) Count = 0– The count doesn’t start until a box number is hit
*( 6 ) Count = 1– A box number was hit so the count starts
*( 9 ) Count = 2– Any number rolled advances the count on counts 2, 3 and 4
*(12) Count = 3– Any number rolled advances the count
*( 5 ) Count = 4– Any number rolled advances the count
*( 3 ) Count = 4– Count #5 requires a box number to be hit
*(11) Count = 4– Count #5 requires a box number to be hit
*( 9 ) Count = 5– Required box number was hit
*Now you start betting on the shooter. Use the betting system or strategy you’re comfortable with.
*Remember that a (7) rolled at any point during the count would have started the count over again.How To Calculate Craps Payouts
There is still a lot of debate as to whether or not this strategy works, but it will keep you at the table longer and increase your chance of being at the table when a hot or advantage shooter gets the dice or the table turns heats up.
Like any strategy, it’s recommended that you practice and experiment with it before ever putting real money on the craps tables.
.Craps Secrets has merged with the Black Chip ClubCraps Layout PrintablePlease visit us at BlackChipClub.com
.*****************
If you have any questions, suggestions or recommendations, feel free to leave them in the comments section below.Craps Losing Numbers
In the meantime…Craps Numbers Guide
BEST OF LUCK AT THE CASINOS!!!
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The ‘5 Count Craps Strategy’ was initially developed by Dr. Don Catlin, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Massachusetts and was later given prominence by Frank Scoblete, a professional craps player.
The 5-Count Strategy is used on random rollers at the craps table to ‘qualify the shooter’ to determine if you’re going to place any bets during his/her roll.
The strategy is based on the studies that indicate that 57% of shooters will not make it past the 5-Count without tossing a (7), and therefore protects you from losing money on short rolls and Point 7-Outs when the table is choppy or cold.
In contrast the number 2 can only be rolled one way with two dice: 1+1. Because the number six offers greater odds of coming up (since there are so many ways to roll a six in online craps), it doesn’t pay out as much as numbers like two which have lesser odds of being rolled. Any Craps Bet Any craps, also known as Three Way, is a type of bet where the player wagers that the shooter will roll a 2, 3 or 12. These numbers are known as ’craps’ and they appear quite infrequently and have a low probability of winning. Basically, if the dice lands on either 2, 3 or 12, the player will win on any of these numbers. Craps numbers are 2, 3, and 12. These usually are bad news, depending on the bet. A right bettor is a person betting on the pass line. A wrong bettor is someone who bets against the rest of the table by betting on the don’t pass line. Betting terms like parlay are the same as in other casino games. For example, you can see on our craps probability chart that the most common number to come up after a dice roll is a seven. This is the reason that most craps professionals will recommend the pass line as the smartest bet you can make when formulating a solid craps strategy. All other numbers lose. L) Two Craps or Aces: If 2 is rolled, you win and are paid 7 to 1. All other numbers lose. M) Twelve Craps or Two Sixes: If 12 is rolled, you win and are paid 30 to 1. All other numbers lose. N) Three Craps or Ace-Deuce: If 3 rolls you win and are paid 15 to 1. All other numbers lose.
While there is some merit to their conclusions when you look at ‘mean distributions’ of dice rolls, keep in mind that regardless of whether it is the shooter’s 3rd roll or 23rd roll, they still have a ‘1 in 6’ chance of tossing a (7).
What the strategy does do, is keep you, and your bankroll, longer by not losing money on ‘short roll’ random rollers, and hopefully you’ll still be at the table when the shooter or table heats up.
Keep in mind that no strategy or system can change the house edge (casino advantage) of any bet at the craps tables, the 5-Count Strategy can help you and your bankroll play and stay at the tables longer.
HOW THE 5 COUNT STRATEGY WORKS
Greektown casino restaurants detroit mi. Dining At Greektown Casino-Hotel you’ll discover a wide selection of dining options and a variety of bars. From the curated collection of culinary experiences inside Monroe Market to the elegant Prism, you are sure to find the ideal restaurant for whatever suits your taste. Detroit, MI 48226. If you’re looking for a top-flight dining experience right in the heart of the action at Greektown, look no further than Prism. Winner of the Best Steakhouse award from HOUR Detroit Magazine, Prism delivers a sensory overload from appetizer through dessert thanks to our award-winning dishes, renowned musical accompaniment, and stylish, tasteful decor combined with a perfect view of the.
When a new shooter takes the dice…
*Count 1 starts when the shooter throws their first ‘box number’ (4, 5, 6, 8, 9 or 10). Any other number thrown (2, 3, 11, 12) does not start the count.
*Counts 2, 3 and 4 include any number thrown, including craps numbers.
*Count 5 requires a ‘box number’ to be thrown again (4, 5, 6, 8, 9 or 10) to qualify.
*Anytime a 7 is thrown, the count starts over.
Let’s take a look at the rolls and count in action;
*Shooter gets the dice and starts his/her rolls.
*( 3 ) Count = 0– The count doesn’t start until a box number is hit
*(11) Count = 0– The count doesn’t start until a box number is hit
*( 6 ) Count = 1– A box number was hit so the count starts
*( 9 ) Count = 2– Any number rolled advances the count on counts 2, 3 and 4
*(12) Count = 3– Any number rolled advances the count
*( 5 ) Count = 4– Any number rolled advances the count
*( 3 ) Count = 4– Count #5 requires a box number to be hit
*(11) Count = 4– Count #5 requires a box number to be hit
*( 9 ) Count = 5– Required box number was hit
*Now you start betting on the shooter. Use the betting system or strategy you’re comfortable with.
*Remember that a (7) rolled at any point during the count would have started the count over again.How To Calculate Craps Payouts
There is still a lot of debate as to whether or not this strategy works, but it will keep you at the table longer and increase your chance of being at the table when a hot or advantage shooter gets the dice or the table turns heats up.
Like any strategy, it’s recommended that you practice and experiment with it before ever putting real money on the craps tables.
.Craps Secrets has merged with the Black Chip ClubCraps Layout PrintablePlease visit us at BlackChipClub.com
.*****************
If you have any questions, suggestions or recommendations, feel free to leave them in the comments section below.Craps Losing Numbers
In the meantime…Craps Numbers Guide
BEST OF LUCK AT THE CASINOS!!!
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Casino Opening In Salem Oregon
2021年5月8日Register here: http://gg.gg/uj111
Dining At Greektown Casino-Hotel you’ll discover a wide selection of dining options and a variety of bars. From the curated collection of culinary experiences inside Monroe Market to the elegant Prism, you are sure to find the ideal restaurant for whatever suits your taste. Detroit, MI 48226. Restaurants near greektown casino detroit mi.
Start your adventure now. We look forward to hosting you.
*Casino Salem Or
*Casino In OregonCasino Salem Or
The State of Oregon (OR) is located in the Northwestern part of the United-States, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The State of Washington is located at the North and the State of California at the South. The population of “Beaver State” is estimated at nearly 4 million and its capital Salem. The most populous city of the State is Portland. Three Rivers Casino Resort is an award-winning Oregon casino with two beautiful locations on the Oregon coast. Come visit us at one of our casinos in Coos Bay or Florence! Stay at our casino hotel in Florence, Oregon. – A new casino could be coming to the Central Willamette Valley, according to a proposal from the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians. The casino would open in 2021, and would be.
Salem, OR The Siletz Indian Tribes are seeking federal approval to build a $280M casino in North Salem, Oregon near the intersection of Interstate 5 and Portland Road NE. The casino is opposed by the Grand Ronde Tribe that operates Spirit Mountain Casino located a half hour to the west. Casino. Live Dealer. Poker. Sports. In the western American state of Oregon and the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians has reportedly filed a land-into-trust application in hopes of being given official permission to bring a small casino resort to 20 acres of off-reservation land within the city of Salem. Free wildlife slots online real money.We are located in Canyonville, Oregon, in the heart of the Umpqua Valley. To reach us, head south on I-5 from Portland, Salem, or Eugene, or north on I-5 from the California border, Ashland, Medford or Grants Pass.
Our 245,000 square foot resort is conveniently located right off Exit 99 on Interstate 5, midway between Eugene and Medford, 25 miles south of Roseburg, 45 miles north of Grants Pass. You can’t miss us – Seven Feathers is the only casino on I-5 in Oregon!Casino In Oregon
*Email us at: info@sevenfeathers.com
*Call us at: 800.548.8461
*Seven Feathers Casino Resort
146 Chief Miwaleta Lane
Canyonville OR 97417
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Dining At Greektown Casino-Hotel you’ll discover a wide selection of dining options and a variety of bars. From the curated collection of culinary experiences inside Monroe Market to the elegant Prism, you are sure to find the ideal restaurant for whatever suits your taste. Detroit, MI 48226. Restaurants near greektown casino detroit mi.
Start your adventure now. We look forward to hosting you.
*Casino Salem Or
*Casino In OregonCasino Salem Or
The State of Oregon (OR) is located in the Northwestern part of the United-States, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The State of Washington is located at the North and the State of California at the South. The population of “Beaver State” is estimated at nearly 4 million and its capital Salem. The most populous city of the State is Portland. Three Rivers Casino Resort is an award-winning Oregon casino with two beautiful locations on the Oregon coast. Come visit us at one of our casinos in Coos Bay or Florence! Stay at our casino hotel in Florence, Oregon. – A new casino could be coming to the Central Willamette Valley, according to a proposal from the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians. The casino would open in 2021, and would be.
Salem, OR The Siletz Indian Tribes are seeking federal approval to build a $280M casino in North Salem, Oregon near the intersection of Interstate 5 and Portland Road NE. The casino is opposed by the Grand Ronde Tribe that operates Spirit Mountain Casino located a half hour to the west. Casino. Live Dealer. Poker. Sports. In the western American state of Oregon and the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians has reportedly filed a land-into-trust application in hopes of being given official permission to bring a small casino resort to 20 acres of off-reservation land within the city of Salem. Free wildlife slots online real money.We are located in Canyonville, Oregon, in the heart of the Umpqua Valley. To reach us, head south on I-5 from Portland, Salem, or Eugene, or north on I-5 from the California border, Ashland, Medford or Grants Pass.
Our 245,000 square foot resort is conveniently located right off Exit 99 on Interstate 5, midway between Eugene and Medford, 25 miles south of Roseburg, 45 miles north of Grants Pass. You can’t miss us – Seven Feathers is the only casino on I-5 in Oregon!Casino In Oregon
*Email us at: info@sevenfeathers.com
*Call us at: 800.548.8461
*Seven Feathers Casino Resort
146 Chief Miwaleta Lane
Canyonville OR 97417
Register here: http://gg.gg/uj111
https://diarynote.indered.space
Free Wildlife Slots Online
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If you plan to arrive after 20:00, please call the hotel to get the access code.
Please note that not all rooms are serviced by an elevator.
Please note that you must reserve in advance for use of the spa and wellness center.
Please note that certain rooms at the property can accommodate pets weighing less than 10 kg, for an extra charge of EUR 10 per day. Please contact the property before check-in for further information.See all reviews
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Located in Les Sables d’Olonne, Hotel Calme Des Pins SPA is 150 m from the sandy beach and features an on-site wellness center and spa with free access to the sauna and hot tub, upon prior request.
Hotel Calme Des Pins SPA offers stylish rooms with free Wi-Fi, a TV and private bathroom. Some rooms also feature a private balcony or terrace and a coffee and tea making facilities.
A continental buffet breakfast is served every morning.
Guests are invited to relax in the Calme Des Pins’s swimming pool. There is also a fitness room.
Hotel Calme Des Pins offers bike rental on site. Guests can enjoy the 31 mi of cycling routes throughout Sables d’Olonne. Private parking is available on site if reserved in advance.
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*Breakfast in the room
*Vending machine (drinks)
*Vending machine (snacks)Pool and Spa
*Sauna
*Spa
*Hot tub/Jacuzzi
*Indoor pool
*Indoor pool (year-round)
*Heated pool
*Pool cover
*Swimming poolFront Desk Services
*Newspapers
*Baggage storageCleaning Services
*Daily housekeepingBusiness Facilities
*Meeting/Banquet facilitiesCasino Des Pins Les Sables-d’olonne Restaurant Du
*Fax/PhotocopyingMiscellaneous
*Non-smoking rooms
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*Smoke-free propertySafety & security
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*Staff follow all safety protocols as directed by local authorities
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*Guest accommodation disinfected between stays
*Guests have the option to cancel any cleaning services for their accommodation during their stayFood & drink safety
*Physical distancing in dining areas
*All plates, cutlery, glasses, and other tableware sanitized Internet
WiFi is available in all areas and is free of charge. Parking
Private parking is available on site (reservation is needed) and costs EUR 9 per day. Policies of Hôtel Calme Des Pins SPA
These are general hotel policies for Hôtel Calme Des Pins SPA. As they may vary per room type, please also check the room conditions. Check-in
Highest blackjack bet ever wins. 14:00 - 20:00 hoursCheck-out
08:00 - 11:00 hours Cancellation / Prepayment
Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to property type. Children and Extra Beds
One child under 3 years is charged EUR 10 per night in a crib.
There is no capacity for extra beds in the room.
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The maximum number of cribs in a room is 1.
Additional fees are not calculated automatically in the total cost and will have to be paid for separately during your stay. Pets
Pets are not allowed.Accepted credit cards
*Mastercard
*Visa
*American Express
The property reserves the right to pre-authorize credit cards prior to arrival.Important Information
If you plan to arrive after 20:00, please call the hotel to get the access code.
Please note that not all rooms are serviced by an elevator.
Please note that you must reserve in advance for use of the spa and wellness center.
Please note that certain rooms at the property can accommodate pets weighing less than 10 kg, for an extra charge of EUR 10 per day. Please contact the property before check-in for further information.See all reviews
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PATIO IS NOW OPEN for Dinning. Carry Out & Curbside also available. Call Now: 586-772-3200 Download our Menu. Hours of Operation: Tuesday - Saturday Open at 4 pm. From Business: Elevated lounge & restaurant experience in the heart of Greektown Detroit, Dine, Drink & Dance, Detroit’s original rooftop open all year round! Indoor outdoor 30.
It was almost as if you needed a passport at one time to come to Greektown in Detroit, the block teeming with Greek restaurants and Greek everything: coffee shops with card players and grocery stores with fresh feta, olives and lamb and Greek-speaking men on the sidewalk, cigarettes dangling from their mouths.
Today, there’s Five Guys, a hamburger chain out of Virginia; Red Smoke Barbeque; Cold Stone Creamery, a chain with outlets in 19 countries; a steakhouse; sports bars; a sprawling casino and only three – yes, three -- full-fledged Greek restaurants.
The Greek residents have vanished, having died or migrated to the suburbs. Gone too are the coffee shops -- except for one hidden above a bar -- and the Greek grocery stores that carried foreign-language papers and the crunchy-crusted Greek breads.
“It’s no longer Greektown,” says Nafez Jadallah , owner of the Greektown Grocery store and former owner of the Laikon, a first-rate Greek restaurant that closed this year after the casino bought the building from his landlord for additional parking. “I don’t know why they call that. You cannot call” a few restaurants a Greektown.
Not all agree that Greektown, as we know it, is dead. But unquestionably, like an assimilated second-generation immigrant, it has clearly lost some of its ethnic identity. It’s at a crossroads.
Can Greektown keep its Greekness? Can it live up its namesake? Or will it simply be Greektown in name only, much like the Meatpacking District in Manhattan, which is far better known for its restaurants and clubs than its dwindling number of meat-packing houses.
The Greektown Preservation Society, comprised of businesses on Monroe Street, recognizes the challenges (emphasis on “preservation”), and is trying to organize more Greek events, some of which vanished over the years. In the mid-1960s, a Greek Festival on Monroe became very popular. It eventually got so big it moved to Hart Plaza. And then it faded away.
In September, the society plans a “Taste of Greektown,” which will involve shutting down the street for the weekend for food, drink and belly dancers.
“It’s not been lost,” Yanni Dionisopoulos, vice president of the society, and owner of the Golden Fleece restaurant, says of the of ethnic identity. “It’s been put on the side and forgotten now and then.”
He adds: “Monroe will always be Greektown forever. “
Greeks began migrating to the Monroe-Beaubien and St. Antoine neighborhood in the late 1800s and started opening restaurants and bakeries. In 1903, the Greektown Merchants Association was created, according to GreektownDetroit.org, the official website of merchants.
Over the decades, many Greeks moved from the Greektown neighborhood to various locations across Metro Detroit. But some stayed, living in the lofts and apartments. By the 1960s, Greektown’s commercial district was reduced to a block.
While it shrunk in size, it grew in popularity, becoming the darling of Detroit, a must, almost magical, destination not only for city and suburban folks, but out-of-town guests and tourists. The waiters shouting “Opa!” while lighting up the sanganaki -- flaming cheese -- became part of the attraction.
By the 1970s, according to one Greek-born restaurant owner, many of the Greeks had moved out, but some still came to Greektown for church, the restaurants and groceries. In the 1980s, Trapper’s Alley, a multi-story mall, arose as a hodgepodge of ethnically neutral shops and eateries, and in some ways was a forerunner of what was to come -- non-Greek businesses.
Then, in 2000, the casino opened in the space once occupied by the failed mall. How did the deconstruction, or De-Greekifying, if you will, of Greektown happen in more recent years? What did the casino do to de-greekify the area?
Just since 2008, Greek restaurants that have folded include The New Hellas, established in 1901, The Laikon, Cyprus Taverna and the Olympia. And the legendary Grecian Gardens, whose clients included some mobsters, attorneys and bail bondsmen, shut down several years before, as did the International, a popular restaurant rub by a friendly immigrant named Gus.
The decline of the Greek flavor in recent times can be traced primarily to a few key things: The negative impact of the casino; the younger generation not wanting to take over some of the family restaurants and Greeks on Monroe seeing opportunity in non-Greek businesses.
Some merchants point the finger at the Greektown Casino when they talk of the decline of the Greek ambiance on the block.
After the casino opened, some say, parking became too challenging and expensive with the advent of the casino. Consequently, some Greeks stopped coming down.
“It’s not Greektown anymore,” says Arthur Kesto, owner of the Athens Liquor store, who has been on the block since 1995. He formerly operated a grocery store several doors down that sold lamb and feta, olives and breads. But the casino changed that, he says, explaining that it didn’t make sense for Greeks to pay for parking and then shop for groceries.
“The casino came in and changed everything. It took the identity from Greektown to Greektown Casino. There’s nothing Greek about” the casino.
Today, his new store just sells liquor, wine, beer and munchies. In the back end of the store, he has a fresh fried chicken stand.
“We go with the flow, “ he says with some resignation.
Zena Karadimas, owner of the Plaka Cafe, a 24-hour coney island/diner that serves a few Greek dishes, echoes those sentiments, having fallen in love with Greektown at age 8 when she came to America from Greece in 1956.
“The casino really killed us,” she said. “Instead of helping us, they killed us. They’re in competition with the little restaurants.”
In some cases, the de-Greeking of Greektown can be attributed to the younger generation not wanting to take over the family restaurant. That appeared to be the case with the New Hellas, first established in 1901. Owner Gus Anton, at age 80, figured no family wanted to take it over so he shut it down in March 2008.
’I’m very sad, naturally,’ Anton told the Detroit News at the time. Highest blackjack bet ever. ’But at my age, what can you do? I’m old. I need the rest.’
Anton sold the property to Ted Gatzeros, who owns Fishbones and a part of the Atheneum Suite Hotel in Greektown. The empty lot stands bare, but there are rumors of an Italian or Mediterranean restaurant eventually springing up in that prime spot.
Another factor in the Greek decline was that Greek business owners on the block saw opportunity in creating non-Greek places. In other words, the Greeks helped de-Greekify the block.
Jim Papas, owner of the Pegasus Taverna, arguably the most popular existing Greek restaurant on the block, started buying and selling. He and Ted Gatzeros brought the casino to Greektown and formed Greektown Casino L.L.C. But they had problems getting a gaming license and ended up selling their 40 percent stake in the casino to their partners, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, for $265 million, according to Crain’s Detroit Business.
The casino in turn leased to Five Guys hamburgers and Cold Stone ice cream and a sports bar -- a move that did little to bolster the Greek flavor. And the casino kept raising the rent on the Olympia, a full-fledged Greek restaurant, according to a family member. Eventually, the Olympia restaurant had no option but to close, the family member said.
The casino wasn’t the only non-Greek entity Greek business owners pursued.
The Greek owners of Astoria Bakery, a Greek/American pastry shop, recently opened up Red Smoke Barbeque at the east end of the block. Rosalva Teftsis, wife of owner Michael Teftsis, a Greek, said her husband cares about the character of Greektown, but wanted to “bring some new flavor to the area.”
She said her husband also didn’t want to compete with the existing Greek eateries.
On the west end of the block, the Papas family opened up Mosaic, an upscale restaurant that serves primarily high-end American fare and sushi and has a couple Greek items. Next door, they opened up Pappy’s Sports Bar. And further down, Papas sold the building that housed the Laikon to the casino for additional parking.
Athina Papas, the daughter of Jim Papas, who is general manager for Mosaic and Pappy’s Sports Bar, explained that the family was already running a major Greek restaurant and wanted to explore other options other than Greek restaurants so as to not compete with themselves and others.
But she acknowledges the need to preserve the Greek heritage of the block.
“We really want to push more cultural events to keep that history,” she said. “That’s really important.”
The demise of Laikon is not a happy tale, at least from the standpoint of Nafez Jadallah, who bought the place about three years ago after the owner’s family no longer wanted to carry on the business.
Nine months after buying it, he said, he learned that Papas had plans to sell to the casino for parking. So he went to Papas, who he claims said: “Business is business.”
“It was a very popular restaurant, especially on the weekends, Jadallah said. “It broke my heart.”
The loss of Greekness on the block has not been lost on the visitors.
Ethan Seibel, manager of Five Guys hamburgers, who remembers coming to Greektown as a kid, said customers sometimes question the existence of his joint in the area.Greektown Detroit Mi
“They say ‘This is Greektown and this isn’t really isn’t a Greek place. Why is it in Greektown?”
Danielle Wildman, who has been a bartender for six years at Pappy’s bar, says some older customers reminisce about what use to be and say Greektown is losing its identity.
“I’m not happy to see Five Guys,” she said.
But the changes don’t seem to bother folks like Demetrios Panagopoulos, owner of the New Parathenon, a popular Greek Restaurant he’s owned for 42 years.
He says business is good, he’s fine with the casino and he concedes that he’s benefited from the shuttering of some of the Greek restaurants.
As for the non-Greek restaurants, he says: “It doesn’t bother me because you get the variety. People like change, to get something different.’
As for the future of Greektown?
“I would say it’s a great future and positive as long as we keep the quality of the food, the service, the atmosphere.”
That being said, Jadallah, owner of the Greektown Grocery store, fears the true Greektown is gone for good.
“There were bakeries here and you could smell the bread and you could also smell the Greek food outside, “ he says. “You don’t smell that anymore.”Cuisine
SteakhouseDress Code
Business CasualPrice Range
$$$CallReservationsGreektown Casino Detroit Owner
Book Online
Email UsGreektown Casino Restaurants Detroit Mi MenuAbout
If you’re looking for a top-flight dining experience right in the heart of the action at Greektown, look no further than Prism.
Winner of the Best Steakhouse award from HOUR Detroit Magazine, Prism delivers a sensory overload from appetizer through dessert thanks to our award-winning dishes, renowned musical accompaniment, and stylish, tasteful decor combined with a perfect view of the Detroit skyline.
At Prism, you’ll get a dining experience that rivals any other restaurant in Detroit. Live music performances accompany your meal from some of Detroit’s most renowned artists, blending perfectly with the comfortable, luxurious setting that takes you away from the hustle and bustle and allows you to focus on your meal. An award-winning menu, combining top-quality steaks and seafood, designed by accomplished chefs caters to any taste no matter what you’re in the mood for. And a well-rounded wine and drink list helps you find the perfect accompaniment to any dish you pick on the menu, every time.Greektown Casino DetroitHoursContact
ADDRESS:
555 East Lafayette Street
Detroit, MI 48226Greektown Casino Restaurants Detroit Michigan Ave
Consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, shellfish or eggs may increase your risk of foodborne illness.
Register here: http://gg.gg/oiq5z
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
*Greektown Detroit Mi
*Greektown Casino Detroit Owner
*Greektown Casino Restaurants Detroit Mi Menu
*Greektown Casino Detroit
*Greektown Casino Restaurants Detroit Michigan Ave
John Gonzalez and Amy Sherman have a Michigan’s Best Day in Detroit’s Greektown. See where to eat, drink and go! Greektown is home to awesome restaurants. Inside Greektown Casino. Fishbone’s Rhythm Kitchen Cafe. Restaurants American Restaurants Seafood Restaurants.
PATIO IS NOW OPEN for Dinning. Carry Out & Curbside also available. Call Now: 586-772-3200 Download our Menu. Hours of Operation: Tuesday - Saturday Open at 4 pm. From Business: Elevated lounge & restaurant experience in the heart of Greektown Detroit, Dine, Drink & Dance, Detroit’s original rooftop open all year round! Indoor outdoor 30.
It was almost as if you needed a passport at one time to come to Greektown in Detroit, the block teeming with Greek restaurants and Greek everything: coffee shops with card players and grocery stores with fresh feta, olives and lamb and Greek-speaking men on the sidewalk, cigarettes dangling from their mouths.
Today, there’s Five Guys, a hamburger chain out of Virginia; Red Smoke Barbeque; Cold Stone Creamery, a chain with outlets in 19 countries; a steakhouse; sports bars; a sprawling casino and only three – yes, three -- full-fledged Greek restaurants.
The Greek residents have vanished, having died or migrated to the suburbs. Gone too are the coffee shops -- except for one hidden above a bar -- and the Greek grocery stores that carried foreign-language papers and the crunchy-crusted Greek breads.
“It’s no longer Greektown,” says Nafez Jadallah , owner of the Greektown Grocery store and former owner of the Laikon, a first-rate Greek restaurant that closed this year after the casino bought the building from his landlord for additional parking. “I don’t know why they call that. You cannot call” a few restaurants a Greektown.
Not all agree that Greektown, as we know it, is dead. But unquestionably, like an assimilated second-generation immigrant, it has clearly lost some of its ethnic identity. It’s at a crossroads.
Can Greektown keep its Greekness? Can it live up its namesake? Or will it simply be Greektown in name only, much like the Meatpacking District in Manhattan, which is far better known for its restaurants and clubs than its dwindling number of meat-packing houses.
The Greektown Preservation Society, comprised of businesses on Monroe Street, recognizes the challenges (emphasis on “preservation”), and is trying to organize more Greek events, some of which vanished over the years. In the mid-1960s, a Greek Festival on Monroe became very popular. It eventually got so big it moved to Hart Plaza. And then it faded away.
In September, the society plans a “Taste of Greektown,” which will involve shutting down the street for the weekend for food, drink and belly dancers.
“It’s not been lost,” Yanni Dionisopoulos, vice president of the society, and owner of the Golden Fleece restaurant, says of the of ethnic identity. “It’s been put on the side and forgotten now and then.”
He adds: “Monroe will always be Greektown forever. “
Greeks began migrating to the Monroe-Beaubien and St. Antoine neighborhood in the late 1800s and started opening restaurants and bakeries. In 1903, the Greektown Merchants Association was created, according to GreektownDetroit.org, the official website of merchants.
Over the decades, many Greeks moved from the Greektown neighborhood to various locations across Metro Detroit. But some stayed, living in the lofts and apartments. By the 1960s, Greektown’s commercial district was reduced to a block.
While it shrunk in size, it grew in popularity, becoming the darling of Detroit, a must, almost magical, destination not only for city and suburban folks, but out-of-town guests and tourists. The waiters shouting “Opa!” while lighting up the sanganaki -- flaming cheese -- became part of the attraction.
By the 1970s, according to one Greek-born restaurant owner, many of the Greeks had moved out, but some still came to Greektown for church, the restaurants and groceries. In the 1980s, Trapper’s Alley, a multi-story mall, arose as a hodgepodge of ethnically neutral shops and eateries, and in some ways was a forerunner of what was to come -- non-Greek businesses.
Then, in 2000, the casino opened in the space once occupied by the failed mall. How did the deconstruction, or De-Greekifying, if you will, of Greektown happen in more recent years? What did the casino do to de-greekify the area?
Just since 2008, Greek restaurants that have folded include The New Hellas, established in 1901, The Laikon, Cyprus Taverna and the Olympia. And the legendary Grecian Gardens, whose clients included some mobsters, attorneys and bail bondsmen, shut down several years before, as did the International, a popular restaurant rub by a friendly immigrant named Gus.
The decline of the Greek flavor in recent times can be traced primarily to a few key things: The negative impact of the casino; the younger generation not wanting to take over some of the family restaurants and Greeks on Monroe seeing opportunity in non-Greek businesses.
Some merchants point the finger at the Greektown Casino when they talk of the decline of the Greek ambiance on the block.
After the casino opened, some say, parking became too challenging and expensive with the advent of the casino. Consequently, some Greeks stopped coming down.
“It’s not Greektown anymore,” says Arthur Kesto, owner of the Athens Liquor store, who has been on the block since 1995. He formerly operated a grocery store several doors down that sold lamb and feta, olives and breads. But the casino changed that, he says, explaining that it didn’t make sense for Greeks to pay for parking and then shop for groceries.
“The casino came in and changed everything. It took the identity from Greektown to Greektown Casino. There’s nothing Greek about” the casino.
Today, his new store just sells liquor, wine, beer and munchies. In the back end of the store, he has a fresh fried chicken stand.
“We go with the flow, “ he says with some resignation.
Zena Karadimas, owner of the Plaka Cafe, a 24-hour coney island/diner that serves a few Greek dishes, echoes those sentiments, having fallen in love with Greektown at age 8 when she came to America from Greece in 1956.
“The casino really killed us,” she said. “Instead of helping us, they killed us. They’re in competition with the little restaurants.”
In some cases, the de-Greeking of Greektown can be attributed to the younger generation not wanting to take over the family restaurant. That appeared to be the case with the New Hellas, first established in 1901. Owner Gus Anton, at age 80, figured no family wanted to take it over so he shut it down in March 2008.
’I’m very sad, naturally,’ Anton told the Detroit News at the time. Highest blackjack bet ever. ’But at my age, what can you do? I’m old. I need the rest.’
Anton sold the property to Ted Gatzeros, who owns Fishbones and a part of the Atheneum Suite Hotel in Greektown. The empty lot stands bare, but there are rumors of an Italian or Mediterranean restaurant eventually springing up in that prime spot.
Another factor in the Greek decline was that Greek business owners on the block saw opportunity in creating non-Greek places. In other words, the Greeks helped de-Greekify the block.
Jim Papas, owner of the Pegasus Taverna, arguably the most popular existing Greek restaurant on the block, started buying and selling. He and Ted Gatzeros brought the casino to Greektown and formed Greektown Casino L.L.C. But they had problems getting a gaming license and ended up selling their 40 percent stake in the casino to their partners, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, for $265 million, according to Crain’s Detroit Business.
The casino in turn leased to Five Guys hamburgers and Cold Stone ice cream and a sports bar -- a move that did little to bolster the Greek flavor. And the casino kept raising the rent on the Olympia, a full-fledged Greek restaurant, according to a family member. Eventually, the Olympia restaurant had no option but to close, the family member said.
The casino wasn’t the only non-Greek entity Greek business owners pursued.
The Greek owners of Astoria Bakery, a Greek/American pastry shop, recently opened up Red Smoke Barbeque at the east end of the block. Rosalva Teftsis, wife of owner Michael Teftsis, a Greek, said her husband cares about the character of Greektown, but wanted to “bring some new flavor to the area.”
She said her husband also didn’t want to compete with the existing Greek eateries.
On the west end of the block, the Papas family opened up Mosaic, an upscale restaurant that serves primarily high-end American fare and sushi and has a couple Greek items. Next door, they opened up Pappy’s Sports Bar. And further down, Papas sold the building that housed the Laikon to the casino for additional parking.
Athina Papas, the daughter of Jim Papas, who is general manager for Mosaic and Pappy’s Sports Bar, explained that the family was already running a major Greek restaurant and wanted to explore other options other than Greek restaurants so as to not compete with themselves and others.
But she acknowledges the need to preserve the Greek heritage of the block.
“We really want to push more cultural events to keep that history,” she said. “That’s really important.”
The demise of Laikon is not a happy tale, at least from the standpoint of Nafez Jadallah, who bought the place about three years ago after the owner’s family no longer wanted to carry on the business.
Nine months after buying it, he said, he learned that Papas had plans to sell to the casino for parking. So he went to Papas, who he claims said: “Business is business.”
“It was a very popular restaurant, especially on the weekends, Jadallah said. “It broke my heart.”
The loss of Greekness on the block has not been lost on the visitors.
Ethan Seibel, manager of Five Guys hamburgers, who remembers coming to Greektown as a kid, said customers sometimes question the existence of his joint in the area.Greektown Detroit Mi
“They say ‘This is Greektown and this isn’t really isn’t a Greek place. Why is it in Greektown?”
Danielle Wildman, who has been a bartender for six years at Pappy’s bar, says some older customers reminisce about what use to be and say Greektown is losing its identity.
“I’m not happy to see Five Guys,” she said.
But the changes don’t seem to bother folks like Demetrios Panagopoulos, owner of the New Parathenon, a popular Greek Restaurant he’s owned for 42 years.
He says business is good, he’s fine with the casino and he concedes that he’s benefited from the shuttering of some of the Greek restaurants.
As for the non-Greek restaurants, he says: “It doesn’t bother me because you get the variety. People like change, to get something different.’
As for the future of Greektown?
“I would say it’s a great future and positive as long as we keep the quality of the food, the service, the atmosphere.”
That being said, Jadallah, owner of the Greektown Grocery store, fears the true Greektown is gone for good.
“There were bakeries here and you could smell the bread and you could also smell the Greek food outside, “ he says. “You don’t smell that anymore.”Cuisine
SteakhouseDress Code
Business CasualPrice Range
$$$CallReservationsGreektown Casino Detroit Owner
Book Online
Email UsGreektown Casino Restaurants Detroit Mi MenuAbout
If you’re looking for a top-flight dining experience right in the heart of the action at Greektown, look no further than Prism.
Winner of the Best Steakhouse award from HOUR Detroit Magazine, Prism delivers a sensory overload from appetizer through dessert thanks to our award-winning dishes, renowned musical accompaniment, and stylish, tasteful decor combined with a perfect view of the Detroit skyline.
At Prism, you’ll get a dining experience that rivals any other restaurant in Detroit. Live music performances accompany your meal from some of Detroit’s most renowned artists, blending perfectly with the comfortable, luxurious setting that takes you away from the hustle and bustle and allows you to focus on your meal. An award-winning menu, combining top-quality steaks and seafood, designed by accomplished chefs caters to any taste no matter what you’re in the mood for. And a well-rounded wine and drink list helps you find the perfect accompaniment to any dish you pick on the menu, every time.Greektown Casino DetroitHoursContact
ADDRESS:
555 East Lafayette Street
Detroit, MI 48226Greektown Casino Restaurants Detroit Michigan Ave
Consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, shellfish or eggs may increase your risk of foodborne illness.
Register here: http://gg.gg/oiq5z
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
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